to P. Nathan, 16 July 1907, 12 Dec. 1911, 22 Jan. 1912, to R. Watchorn, 3 Mar.
1909; Ira Robinson, ed., Cyrus Adler: Selected Letters, 2 vols. (Philadelphia,
1985), 1:132; American Israelite, 2 July 1908.
10.Leonard, “Louis Marshall and Immigration Restriction,” pp. 15–23; Charles
Reznikoff, ed., Louis Marshall, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1957), 1:115–59; reel 22,
M. Kohler to M. Schiff, 14 Oct. 1925; reel 23, Schiff to J. Finley, 3 May 1912;
reel 1978, N. Behar to Schiff, 2 July 1915; NYT,14 Jan., 9 Apr. 1911, 18 Feb.
1914.
11.Devine wrote the editorial, “The Selection of Immigrants” Survey, 4 Feb.
1911; reel 23, Schiff to E. Devine, 7 Feb. 1911, to L. Wald, 11, 14, 24 Feb., 3
Mar. 1911, to N. Butler, 3 Apr. 1911.
12.Reel 22, Schiff to A. Ballin, 13 Jan. 1914; reel 23, Schiff to W. Wilson, 15 Jan.
1915, to J. Wadsworth, 22 Jan. 1917; reel 679, Schiff to S. Wolf, 31 Jan. 1919;
Cohen, Not Free to Desist, pp. 48, 51–53.
13.Reel 692, I. Zangwill to A. Meyerowitz, 21 Oct. 1920. The best study of the
Galveston movement is Bernard Marinbach, Galveston(Albany, N.Y., 1983).
14.Zosa Szajkowski, “The Attitude of American Jews to East European Jewish
Immigration,” PAJHS40 (Mar. 1951): 238; reel 23, Schiff to N. Leven, 16
Sept. 1907; reel 692, Schiff to P. Nathan, 28 Dec. 1904; Janine M. Perry, “The
Idea of Immigrant Distribution in the United States, 1890–1915” (master’s
thesis, Hunter College, 1975), pp. 50–51.
15.Reel 22, Schiff to N. Katzenelsohn, 19 Oct. 1906, to P. Nathan, 27 July 1906;
reel 23, Schiff to M. Sulzberger, 27 Sept. 1906. On Mesopotamia and Zionism,
see below.
16.Higham, Strangers in the Land, pp. 128–30, chap. 6; Cyrus Adler papers (AJC
archives), C. Adler to H. Friedenwald, 21 Feb. 1907; reel 22, Schiff to P. Na-
than, 25 Feb. 1907, to O. Straus, 22 Jan., 15 Feb. 1907; reel 692, Schiff to C.
Hallgarten, 24 June 1907, to P. Nathan, 24 June 1907; Menorah 35 (Sept.
1903): 160.
17.AH, 20 June 1913.
18.Adler, Schiff, 2:96–99; reel 22, Schiff to I. Zangwill, 30 Aug. 1909; reel 23,
Schiff to C. Sulzberger, 12 July 1909; reel 692, Schiff to P. Nathan, 27 Aug.
1906; Marinbach, Galveston, p. 12; NYT 19 Oct. 1909.
19.Marinbach, Galveston,esp. chap. 1; Isaac M. Fein, “Israel Zangwill and Ameri-
can Jewry,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 60 (Sept. 1970): 31–33; reel 22,
Schiff to P. Nathan, 21 Sept. 1906, to I. Zangwill, 16 October, 1906, 14 Sept.
1913, to C. Sulzberger, 18 Dec. 1906; reel 678, statement by Jacob Billikopf on
Galveston; Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference of Jewish Charities,1910,
pp. 125–27.
20.Reel 22, Schiff to M. Gries, 1 Mar. 1910; reel 692, Schiff to M. Gries, 23 Feb.- Attempting to build up support from local communities, Schiff also
spoke at an assembly of the Jewish Chautauqua. NYT,19 July 1909.
21.Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference of Jewish Charities,1910, pp. 124–25.
22.Reel 22, Schiff to C. Sulzberger, 25 Feb., 15 July 1907, to C. Hallgargen, 19
July 1907, to F. Philippson, 13 Feb. 1913; reel 692, Schiff to D. Bressler, 5 July
1907; Joseph Leftwich, Israel Zangwill (New York 1957), chap. 7; Joseph H.
Udelson, Dreamer of the Ghetto (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1990), pp. 184–85, 198;
280 Notes to Chapter 5