1909; AH, 4 June 1909; Heymann, “Zionist Movement,” pp. 146–49, 152,
159, 167–68. Schiff was only mildly interested in Zangwill’s suggestion of Cy-
renaica, but again he made the same conditions. Reel 684, Schiff to I. Zang-
will, 8 Apr. 1909.
49.Reel 23, Schiff to E. Cassel, 17 Aug. 1909; reel 678, Schiff to I. Zangwill, 2
Dec. 1909; reel 693, Schiff to I. Zangwill, 3 Feb., 11 Mar., 8 Apr. 1909, 7 Jan.,
1 Feb., 29 Mar. 1910, to M. Warburg, 16 May 1910; NYT,9, 26, 30 May 1909;
AH, 4, 25 June 1909; Heymann, “Zionist Movement,” p. 149.
50.Reel 693, Schiff to I. Zangwill, 7 Jan., 1 Feb. 1910; Cohen, Dual Heritage, pp.
143–44.
51.Reel 693, Schiff to S. Mexin, 16 July 1915; AJC archives, “Minutes of the Ex-
ecutive Committee,” 12 May 1912; Cohen, Dual Heritage, p. 144.
52.Selig Adler, “Backgrounds of American Policy toward Zion,” in Israel: Its Role
in Civilization, ed. Moshe Davis (New York, 1956), pp. 255–57; Rudolf Glanz,
Studies in Judaica Americana (New York, 1970), p. 380; Egal Feldman, Dual
Destinies (Urbana, Ill., 1990), chap.8. Cyrus Adler later reported to Schiff that
in 1891 Solomon Hirsch, then minister to Turkey, discussed the matter with
Secretary of State John Sherman. When Sherman said that the United States
was willing to join an agreement of the Great Powers guaranteeing Palestine
to the Jews on “some basis equitable [read money] to the Turkish Govern-
ment,” Hirsch replied that only a show of armed force would influence the
Turks to part with a land with places holy to both Muslims and Christians.
Schiff papers (JTS, Jerusalem), C. Adler to Schiff, 25 June 1916; Adler, Schiff,
2:161–62; Robinson, Cyrus Adler, 1:50.
53.Feinstein, American Zionism, chap. 3; reel 693, Schiff to H. White, 17 Mar.
1891.
54.Reel 23, CA MSS; reel 679, CA MSS; reel 691, Schiff to A. Dittenhoefer, 11
Dec. 1905, to J. Hollander, 6 Feb. 1911; reel 693, Schiff to K. Sarasohn, 5 Apr.
1898, to N. Katzenelsohn, 19 May 1904; Reznikoff, Marshall, 2:797–98;
Naomi W. Cohen, “The Reaction of Reform Judaism in America to Political-
Zionism,” in The Jewish Experience in America, ed. Abraham J. Karp, 5 vols.
(Waltham, Mass., and New York, 1969), 5:149–82.
55.Reel 693, Schiff to H. Friedenwald, 18 Nov. 1907.
56.Reel 693, Schiff to K. Sarasohn, 5 Apr. 1898; NYT,4 Apr. 1911; Richard Gott-
heil in Jewish Criterion, 27 Nov. 1903.
57.Aaron S. Klieman and Adrian L. Klieman, eds., Zionism: A Documentary His-
tory, vol. 2 (New York, 1990), pp. 83–84; Moshe Davis, With Eyes toward Zion,
vol. 4 (Westport, Conn., 1995), pp. 56–57; AH, 22 July 1909 (Schiff at the
Jewish Chautauqua); reel 693, Schiff to B. Richards, 4 Oct. 1907; NYT,30 May
1909.
58.Reel 22, Schiff to N. Katzenelsohn, 31 July, 19 Oct. 1906; reel 693, Schiff to
N. Katzenelsohn, 19 May 1904, to H. Rosenthal, 23 Nov. 1904, to L. Mar-
shall, 6 Oct. 1908.
59.AH, 5 Jan. 1917; reel 693, Schiff to Mr. Cohen, 17 June 1915; Norman Hap-
good, “The Future of the Jews in America,” Harper’s Weekly, 27 Nov. 1915.
Schiff’s young friend Judah Magnes also criticized leadership by the stewards.
Reel 1978, J. Magnes to Schiff, 10 Aug. 1915. To undercut Zionist influence
Notes to Chapter 5 283