1912
The Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher Carl Jung
writes The Theory of Psychoanalysis.
1921
The National Institute for Industrial Psychology is
founded in London.
The German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer writes
Physique and Character.
1926
The South African statesman, biologist, and
philosopher Jan Christian Smuts coins the term
holism, in the belief that whole organisms, rather
than their separate components, establish the
determining factors in nature and evolution.
1930s
The English physician Edward Bach develops
Bach’s Flower Essences for treating emotional
problems that may lead to disease.
1940s
The American psychiatrist Helen Flanders Dunbar
researches psychosomatic medicine and estab-
lishes the “personality profile (or personality con-
stellation).”
1950s
The Canadian physiologist Hans Selye develops his
theory of stress, known as the “general adaptation
syndrome,” which involves the stimulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis when exposed
to stress (the fight-or-flight response).
1952
Dr. Norman Vincent Peale writes The Power of Posi-
tive Thinking.
1960s
The researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
develop an assessment tool called the Social Read-
justment Rating Scale, based on the concept that
illness may be caused by a person’s positive and
negative experiences and changes in lifestyle.1961
Halbert Dunn writes High-Level Wellness, which
addresses the idea of fighting for wellness rather
than fighting against disease.1970s
The hippie movement encourages recreational use
of drugs, but also of vegetarianism and organically
grown foods, transcendental meditation, Eastern
philosophies geared toward peace and inner bal-
ance, and “back-to-basics” treatment modalities
such as massage and aromatherapy.1973
Dolores Krieger and Dora Kunz develop Therapeu-
tic Touch as an alternative healing technique.1974
The Canadian Ministry of Health and Welfare reports
evidence indicating a link between lifestyle and envi-
ronment and the presence of health or disease.1975
The Nobel Prize–winning scientist Linus Pauling
receives the U.S. National Medal of Honor.1976
The sociobiologist and philosopher D. C. Phillips
identifies principles of holism, including that the
whole is more than the sum of its parts, the whole
determines the nature of its parts, and the parts
are dynamically interrelated or interdependent.The United States Select Senate Committee issues a
report acknowledging the relationship between
nutrition and disease, which leads to widespread
reduction of red-meat and fat intake.1977
Dr. C. Norman Shealy founds the American Holis-
tic Medical Association.248 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine