The Economist February 12th 2022 The Americas 27
ure which increased up until 2020. A cul
ture of impunity does not help: over 90%
of murders go unsolved. Few reckon Mexi
co’s current strategy for dealing with drug
gangs, known as “hugs not bullets”, is
working. Threats to journalists also come
from corrupt politicians and the police.
Under the administration of President
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, more jour
nalists have been enrolled in a programme
which offers bulletproof vests and police
protection. But it lacks cash. Mr Hootsen
has documented cases of calls going unan
swered and paperwork going missing,
with fatal consequences. Lourdes Maldo
nado, a journalist who was enrolled in the
programme, was shot dead in Tijuana on
January 23rd. In 2019 she had told the presi
dent that she feared for her life. A video of
the conversation has now gone viral.
The president has pledged to investi
gate the latest spate of killings. But he does
not always project respect and concern for
journalists. Once a week he holds forth at a
press conference about “Who’s who in this
week’s lies”—in essence, a list of journal
ists who have annoyed him.
Journalists at smaller outlets are most
at risk. “We can’t have a police officer be
hind us at all times, but they need a strat
egy to make us feel safe,” says Jorge Manzo,
who works for a local paper. He says he re
lies for security on “my mother’s prayers”
and on letting his friends know before
hand of his movements.
Outrage is growing. On January 25th
hundreds of people held vigils across the
country. But it is unlikely that anything
will change unless the general cycle of vio
lence and impunity is broken.“Atleast to
day I know that if I am killedpeople will
hear about it,” says Mr Manzo.n
A
hundredyearsago this weekend, a
group of young artists and writers
organised what they called the Modern
Art Week in the new and grandiose mu
nicipal theatre in São Paulo. In fact, it
lasted only for three evenings. It in
cluded a show of modernist painting,
lectures, poetry recitals and music by
Heitor VillaLobos, who was to become
Brazil’s bestknown composer. It has
since come to be seen as the founding
moment of modern Brazilian artistic
culture. Its centenary has brought both
commemoration and some criticism. It
comes as the cultural tradition it repre
sents is under assault from Jair Bolsona
ro, Brazil’s populist president.
The event took place in São Paulo,
then a fastindustrialising frontier city
that was starting to rival Rio de Janeiro,
the capital at the time, where the staid
cultural establishment was based. The
Brazilian modernists had their contra
dictions. The wouldbe revolutionaries
were also dandies, the scions of the
coffeegrowing aristocracy, and they
were close to the political oligarchy that
ran São Paulo and Brazil. Even so, they
were disrupters.
The week “was a declaration of cultur
al independence, that we are not simply a
clumsy copy of something else”, says
Eduardo Giannetti, a Brazilian philo
sopher. The modernists’ aims were later
formalised in a Manifesto Antropófago
(Cannibal Manifesto), written by one of
the poets, Oswald de Andrade. This
sought to address the dilemma of how to
be a Brazilian modern artist when mod
ernism was a European import. The
answer: “Absorption of the sacred enemy.
To transform him into a totem.” In other
words, Brazilians would not simply
reproduce other models but digest them
and turn them into something that was
their own. The group embraced a national
identity that, at least in theory, included
black and indigenous Brazilians and their
beliefs, and tropical fauna and flora.
It was cultural nationalism, but of an
openminded, cosmopolitan and non
xenophobic kind. That was important.
Across Latin America, modernist writers
and artists were forging new national
identities. As the innovative 1920s degen
erated into the ideological conflicts of the
1930s, some would embrace communism
and others creole fascism in its many
variants. The Brazilian modernists would
radicalise politically and be coopted, too,
by Getúlio Vargas, Brazil’s nationbuilder,
who ruled for much of 1930 to 1954, by
turns an autocrat and a democrat.
Yet the Brazilian modernist tradition
proved extraordinarily fertile. It encom
passed Tarsila do Amaral, whose painting
mixed cubism, surrealism and Brazilian
myths. Oscar Niemeyer, an architect, took
Le Corbusier’s functional rectangles and
added Brazilian curves. The 1950s and
1960s brought bossa nova, a fusion of
American jazz and Brazilian samba, and
cinema nova, which drew on the tech
niques of Italian neorealist film to cast a
light on Brazil’s sociopolitical back
wardness. A loose group of conceptual
poets and artists, including Hélio Oitici
ca and Lygia Clark, deployed abstraction
and performance art. Caetano Veloso and
Gilberto Gil drew on British pop to create
protest music challenging the military
dictatorship that took power in 1964.
Some in Brazil think the week in 1922
is overhyped. Ruy Castro, a writer who
perhaps not coincidently lives in Rio,
claims it was the dictatorship that, on the
event’s 50th anniversary, institutional
ised it as a national legend. Some black
and indigenous artists claim that it has
little to say to them. Yet many Brazilians
still see it as an inspiration. In 50 years’
time “I hope it will be remembered as an
episode in the transformation of Brazil
into a modern country,” says Valéria
Piccoli, the chief curator of São Paulo’s
Pinacoteca art museum.
For now, Brazilian artistic culture is
on the defensive. Mr Bolsonaro’s govern
ment is one of “cultural asphyxia”, argues
Ms Piccoli. The culture secretariat is
trying to impose “a conservative, reli
gious, reductionist vision”, she com
plains. One of the seven people in three
years who have served as culture secre
tary proclaimed, “Brazilian art in the next
decade will be heroic and national.” The
incumbent, a soapopera actor, has
removed public funding from places that
require vaccination for entry. And the
government has slashed tax breaks for
private cultural sponsorship, which has
cut the Pinacoteca’s budget by 20%. Yet
despite Mr Bolsonaro’s reactionary har
rumphing, Brazilian visual art and music
has become part of the global main
stream. That is perhaps the best tribute
to the pioneers of 1922.
Brazil’s “cannibal” art and its disputed legacy
BelloThe week that changed a culture