246 * NOTES
carriers, was first formulated in a coherent way by Dawkins (1976),
although the saying “The chicken is only an egg’s way for making
another egg,” which encapsulates Dawkins’s idea very well, is much
older. For another view of this matter, see Csikszentmihalyi & Mas-
simini (1985) and Csikszentmihalyi (1988).
20 Paths of liberation. The history of this quest is so rich and long that
it is impossible to do it justice in a short space. For the mystical tradi
tions see Behanan (1937) and Wood (1954) on Yoga, and Scholem
(1969) on Jewish mysticism. In philosophy one might single out Hadas
(1960) on Greek humanism; Arnold (1911) and Murray (1940) on the
Stoics; and MacVannel (1896) on Hegel. For more contemporary phi
losophers see Tillich (1952) and Sartre (1956). A recent reinterpreta
tion of Aristotle’s notion of virtue that is very similar in some ways to
the concept of autotelic activity, or flow, presented here can be found
in the work of Alasdair MacIntyre (1984). In history Croce (1962),
Toynbee (1934), and Berdyaev (1952) stand out; in sociology Marx
(1844 [1956]), Durkheim (1897, 1912), Sorokin (1956, 1967), and
Gouldner (1968); in psychology Angyal (1941, 1965), Maslow (1968,
1970), and Rogers (1951); in anthropology see Benedict (1934), Mead
(1964), and Geertz (1973). This is just an idiosyncratic selection among
a huge array of possible choices.
Control of consciousness. Control of consciousness as developed in
this chapter includes all four manifestations of self-control reviewed by
Klausner (1965) and listed in the note to page 10. One of the oldest
known techniques for achieving such controls are the various yogi disci
plines developed in India roughly fifteen hundred years ago; these will
be discussed more amply in chapter 5. Followers of holistic medicine
believe that the mental state of the patient is extremely important in
determining the course of physical health; see also Cousins (1979) and
Siegel (1986). Eugene Gendlin (1981), a colleague at the University of
Chicago, has developed a contemporary technique for controlling atten
tion called “focusing.” In this volume I am not proposing any one
technique, but instead will present a conceptual analysis of what control
and enjoyment involve as well as give practical examples, so that the
reader can develop a method best suited to his or her inclinations and
conditions.
21 Routinization. The argument here is of course reminiscent of Weber’s
(1922) notion of routinization of charisma, developed in his work The
Social Psychology of World Religions, and of the even earlier Hegelian idea
that the “world of the spirit” eventually turns into the “world of nature”
(e.g., Sorokin 1950). The same concept is developed from a sociological
viewpoint by Berger & Luckmann (1967).
