NOTES ■ 261
physical love makes us want to have sex, both of which we need to do
in order to survive and reproduce, enjoyment motivates us to do things
that push us beyond the present and into the future. It makes no sense
to assume that only the pursuit of pleasure is the source of “natural”
desires, and any other motivation must be its pale derivative. The re
wards of reaching new goals are just as genuine as the rewards of satisfy
ing old needs.
99 The study of the relationship between happiness and energy con
sumption was reported in Graef, Gianinno, & Csikszentmihalyi
(1981).
100 The U.S. dancers’ quotations are from Csikszentmihalyi (1975, p. 104).
The Italian dancer’s is from Delle Fave & Massimini (1988, p. 212).
The cultivation of sexuality. An excellent historical review of Western
ideas about love, and of the behaviors that accompanied it, is given in
the three volumes of The Nature of Love by Irving Singer (1981). A
compendium of contemporary psychologists’ views on love was collected
by Kenneth Pope (1980). A very recent statement on the subject is by
the Yale psychologist Robert Sternberg (1988), who expands the classi
cal description of love as eros or as agape to three components: intimacy,
passion, and commitment. Liza Dalby (1983), an American anthropolo
gist who spent a few years training as a geisha in Kyoto, gives a good
description of the refinements involved in the Far Eastern approach to
sexuality. For the lack of romance in antiquity, see Veyne (1987, esp.
pp. 202-5).
104 The way in which the rules of the Jesuit order developed by Saint
Ignatius of Loyola helped organize life as a unified activity, potentially
suited to provide flow experience for those who followed them, is de
scribed in I. Csikszentmihalyi (1986, 1988) and Toscano (1986).
A brief introduction to Patanjali’s Yoga can be found in the Encyclopae
dia Britannica (1985, vol. 12, p. 846). Eliade (1969) provides a more
thorough immersion in the subject.
107 Some of the most powerful contemporary insights on the psychology of
aesthetics are in the works of Arnheim (1954, 1971, 1982) and Gom-
brich (1954, 1979), who stress the role of order (or negative entropy) in
art. For more psychoanalytically oriented approaches, see the three
volumes edited by Mary Gedo, Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Art (1986,
1987, 1988).
“There is that wonderful..is from Csikszentmihalyi & Robinson
(in press).
107- “When I see works.. and “On a day like this.. are from
108 Csikszentmihalyi &. Robinson (in press).
109 The use of music by the pygmies is described in Turnbull (1961).
