Appendix 2 Summary of key elements from the studies on paper & cardboard...............................
Paper & card ‐ n°1
Title Environmental^ Assessment^ of^ Paper^ Waste^
Management Options by Means of LCA Methodology
Year 2004
Author Arena et al
Case
Material composition
Sub‐scenario Landfill Recycling Incineration
Virgin material
Material marginal: which? / swedish paper /
Electricity marginal: which? / average Swedish mix /
Steam marginal: which? ///
Co‐products dealt with? Yes Yes Yes
Recovered material
Material marginal: which? / paper for packaging /
Electricity marginal: which? average Italian mix average Italian mix average Italian mix
Steam marginal: which? ///
Co‐products dealt with? Yes Yes Yes
Material recovery included? / Yes /
Type of recycling / Downcycling /
Alternative use of land/wood included? No No No
In which ratio does recycled material substitute
virgin material? ///
General
Technology
High integrity bottom and top
membranes, reverse osmosis,
flaring of uncollected
mechanical cleaning and
deinking or without
deinking
/
Infrastructures taken into account? ///
Transport included? Yes Yes Yes
Energy production Yes No Yes
Produced energy substitutes electricity? Yes / Yes
Produced energy substitutes heat? No No No
Avoided processes ‐ credits electricity virgin material electricity
Material substitutes / paper and board /
Carbon sequestration issue taken into account? No No No
Waste characteristics
Heating value // 13 MJ/t
Degradation rate (over 100 years) ///
Incineration
Alternative use of incineration capacity included? //No
Efficiency //27.7% electricity
Composting
Compost spreading for composting taken into
account? ///
Compost leaching after spreading taken into
account? ///
Landfill
Methane emissions included? Yes //
Efficiency engine,55%^ biogas electrical^ collection, conversion^ 60%^ in 35%.^ gas^ //
Material
disposal
1[PB]
Material
recovery
Paper and board
Material
production
