THE MEIJI RESTORATION^383historians have a library of reports and testimony to work with. Was
England as bad as these records say? Or do we just have fuller records?
The European countries that followed England on the path of mod
ern industry had their own labor problems and scandals, though less se
rious, largely because they had had warning and were able to introduce
protections by anticipation. By comparison, Japan rushed into a raw,
unbridled capitalism. As in England, but more so, cottage industry
was already the scene of shameful exploitation. Why do I say "more
so"? Because the Japanese home worker was able and willing to put up
with hours of grinding, monotonous labor that would have sent the
most docile English spinner or pinmaker into spasms of rebellion. The
Japanese, for example, had no day of rest, no sabbath. Why did they
need one? Animals did not get a day of rest. Nor was the backward-
bending labor supply curve—the preference for leisure over income—
a serious problem in Japan.
Why not? The answer lay pardy in a more intense sense of group re
sponsibility: the indolent, self-indulgent worker would be hurting not
only himself but the rest of the family. And the nation—don't forget
the nation. Most Japanese peasants and workers did not feel this way
to begin with; under Tokugawa, they had scarcely a notion of nation.
That was a primary task of the new imperial state: to imbue its subjects
with a sense of higher duty to emperor and country and link this pa
triotism to work. A large share of school time was devoted to the study
of ethics; in a country without regular religious instruction and cere
monial, school was the temple of virtue and morality. As a 1930 text
book put it: "The easiest way to practice one's patriotism [is to]
discipline oneself in daily life, help keep good order in one's family, and
fully discharge one's responsibility on the job."^10 Also to save and not
waste.
Here was a Japanese version of Weber's Protestant ethic, the more
effective because it jibed so well with atavistic peasant values. The clas
sical peasant is a miser who saves everything, and plans and schemes
and works accordingly. He lives for work and by work adds to his hold
ing; that is his reason for being. (The precocious separation of British
cottage workers from the soil and agriculture was an advantage to in
dustry, but in some ways the attitudinal effects were negative. The
landless industrial worker works to live. When he has enough, he stops
to enjoy. )
The Japanese pushed this peasant mentality to the limit. This was, in
the old days, a very poor society, squeezing out a mean subsistence.
One lived on rice or, in colder climes, on millet and buckwheat. The