(^510) THE WEALTH AND POVERTY OF NATIONS
few exemplary murders can discourage the rest and persuade them to
leave. (Compare the effect of attacks on foreign tourists in Egypt.)
The state responds with its own violence: torture, rape, murder.
Presumably an end will come—on which side of the line, no one can
say. Meanwhile the secular, francophone elements flee to France. The
French do not want them, in part because Algerians bring the
struggle with them. France has already had its premonitory
explosions of Algerian terror.
From Leftist Scholar to President of Brazil:
The Advantages of Realism
For years Fernando Henrique Cardoso was a leading figure of the
Latin American dependency school, ideological flagship of
anticapitalist anticolonialism. The doctrine had first been defined by
the Argentine Raoul Prebisch, who drew his inspiration from center-
and-periphery theories of European and American exploitation of
weaker economies overseas; and it found powerful resonance in
countries aggrieved by the growing gap between rich and poor. In
the 1960s and 1970s, the sociologist Cardoso wrote or edited some
twenty books on the subject. Some of them became the standard
texts that shaped a generation of students. Perhaps the best known
was Dependency and Development in Latin America. In its English
version, this ended with a turgid, less-than-stirring credo:
The effective battle ... is between technocratic elitism and a vision of the
formative process of a mass industrial society which can offer what is popu
lar as specifically national and which succeeds in transforming the demand
for a more developed economy and for a democratic society into a state that
expresses the vitality of truly popular forces, capable of seeking socialist
forms for the social organization of the future.^35
Then, in 1993, Cardoso became Brazil's minister of finance. He
found a country wallowing in an annual inflation rate of 7,000
percent. The government had become so inured to this monetary
narcotic and Brazilians so ingenious in their personal
countermeasures (taxis used meters that could be adjusted to the
price index, and perhaps to the client) that serious economists were
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