(^542) NOTES
magic and astrology came, not modern science, but modern magic and astrology,"
cited in Hansen "Science and Magic," p. 505 n. 35. Of course, if one sees science as
derivative rather than autonomous, one can lament "the ungrateful way science 'repaid'
its debt: by bankrupting magic's metaphysics" (ibid., p. 497).
- Ibid.
- I owe this reference to Mr. Noah Efron, doctoral candidate at the Hebrew Uni
versity, currently preparing a thesis on the response of Jewish scholars to the new sci
ence of the seventeenth century. - Cf. Sarton, "Arabic Science," p. 321: "While the Western people had discovered
the secret of experimental science and were using the new methods with increasing
confidence and frequency, Muslim doctors were rereading the selfsame books and
turning in hopeless circles. Stagnation in the vicinity of progressing people means re
gression; the distance between Eastern and Western thought was steadily increasing,
the Western men went further and further ahead and the Muslims—remaining where
they were—were left further and further behind." - Dumas, Scientific Instruments, pp. 49-55.
- Sarton cites an Algerian-Turkish claimant to the invention of logarithms: Ibn
Hamza al-Maghribi—"Arabic Science," p. 305, n. 2. The operative question is, to what
end? - Cited in R. Lenoble, "The Seventeenth-Century Scientific Revolution," in Taton,
éd., A General History of the Sciences, II: The Beginnings of Modern Science, p. 183. - Dooley, "Processo a Galileo," English translation, pp. 8-9.
- Landes, Revolution in Time, pp. 125-27. Part of the problem was that Hooke was
hoping to profit from this and related horological ideas and was afraid he would lose
a fortune if he revealed his secret. So he ended up with nothing. - "Although Dr. Black's theory of latent heat did not suggest my improvements on
the steam-engine, yet the knowledge upon various subjects which he was pleased to
communicate to me, and the correct modes of reasoning, and of making experiments
of which he set me the example, certainly conduced very much to facilitate the progress
of my inventions. ..." Fleming, "Latent Heat," citing John Robinson, A System ofMe
chanical Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1822), II, ix. - On all this, see Musson and Robinson, Science and Technology, pp. 80-81.
- On efforts of industrial spies to learn about a silk-throwing mill established in 1681
at Utrecht in Holland, see Davids, "Openness or Secrecy?" p. 338. - On Lombe and mechanized silk throwing: Wadsworth and Mann, Cotton Trade,
pp. 106-108; Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions, pp. 275-76.
CHAPTER 15- Compare the analysis of the contribution of agriculture to Japanese economic de
velopment in Ohkawa and Rosovsky, "A Century of Japanese Economic Growth," and
Hay ami and Ruttan, "Korean Rice, Taiwan Rice." - On market gardening, see F. J. Fisher, "Development of the London Food Mar
ket." - Some historians would emphasize the material constraints. Thus Wrigley on coal
as the key factor—People, Cities and Wealth, pp. 90-91: "... in this world [of Adam
Smith] there was a ceiling to the possible size of industrial production set by the dif
ficulty of expanding raw material supply at constant or declining prices as long as most
industrial raw materials were organic. When this was no longer true, the ceiling dis
appeared." For transport as the key, see Szostak, Role of Transportation. - On the question of accident and chance in economic history, see Landes, "What
Room for Accident in History? Explaining Big Changes by Small Events." This is in
part a response to a well-known and perhaps intentionally provocative essay by Nick