(^556) NOTES
- Issawi, "Economic Development," p. 362, gives the figures as "over 200,000
qantars" and 345,000 qantars respectively. But he says, p. 518, that the definition of
the qantar changed in 1835, and I have converted to kilograms accordingly. - Lévy-Leboyer, Les banques européennes, p. 189.
- The most convenient discussion in English is to be found in Batou, "Muhammad-
'Ali's Egypt." Batou feels that the Egyptian industrial project has been underestimated
and unrecognized. Also that its demise was the work of European adversaries, partic
ularly the British. - Batou, "Muhammad-'Ali's Egypt," p. 185, Table 1.
- Saint-John, Egypt, p. 412.
- Ibid., p. 417.
- Issawi, "Economic Development," p. 363.
- Friedman, "Egypt Runs for the Train."
- Mohammed Mannei, merchant banker in the Persian Gulf, as cited by Jonathan
Raban, Arabia: A Journey Through the Labyrinth, p. 63. - On the distinction between resource exhaustion and cartel market constraints, see
Dasgupta, "Natural Resources," p. 112. - On ransom money to extremists, see Goodwin, Price of Honor, pp. 15-17.
- Cf. Friedman, "Egypt Runs for the Train."
- Keddie, in Keddie and Baron, eds., Women in Middle Eastern History, p. 5.
- On this new, scandalous literature, available in Muslim countries only as samizdat,
see Amy Dockser Morris, "These Potboilers Stir Widespread Interest in 'Islamic Af
fairs,' " Wall St. J., 22 December 1995, p. 1. - The words cited are those of Professor Francis Hamilton, reviewing Lewis, The
Middle East, in the XLS of 8 December 1995, p. 4. Roy Mottahedeh, "The Islamic
Movement," p. 123, is also hopeful. He notes the role of women political leaders in a
number of Islamic (but not Arab) countries, and states that "the enfranchisement of
women offers a compelling proof of the ability of Islamic political cultures to evolve."
Yes and no: what is "compelling"? The status of women in these countries, even sec
ular Turkey, remains constrained by Islamic prescriptions and custom, to the point
where we must temper our assumptions about the liberating power of political rights.
We must also keep in mind the spatial segmentation of societies where cities evolve dif
ferently from countryside. Turkey, with Istanbul in one world and time, Anatolia in an
other, and Anatolia crowding into Istanbul, is a fascinating case study of this cultural
and temporal schizophrenia. Hence the election returns of late 1995, which gave a plu
rality to the Islamist party. - Mottahedeh, "Clash of Civilizations," p. 11.
- Barakat, Arab World, p. 105.
- Mosteshar, Unveiled, p. 353. This book, a tumbleweed basket of experience and
observation, is a fascinating insight into an Iran that thought it was modernizing; that
made a revolution in the name of greater freedom and saw it hijacked by religious fun
damentalists; and then saw the clock turned back centuries. And a terrifying insight
into the nature of a sloppy, capricious tyranny: eyes and tongues everywhere, venge
ful snitches, undefined rules, random violence. - On Latin America, see among other things, Calvin Sims, "Justice in Peru: Rape
Victim Is Pressed to Marry Attacker," N.T. Times, 3 December 1997, p. Al. - Makiya, Cruelty and Silence, p. 298, citing a Palestinian nurse from Acre. Cf.
Goodwin, Price of Honor, p. 4. - Ajami, Arab Predicament, p. 233.
- On oil as a misfortune, see Ajami, Arab Predicament.
- Fisk, "Sept journées," p. 7—an important article.
- See Landes, "Passionate Pilgrims."
- Said, Orientalism, p. 327.