The best and most readable source here is Halberstam's The Reckoning. Forget the
economists and economic historians. Halberstam understands the industry, but even
more he understands the people in it. See also, along similar lines, Lacey, Ford.
From Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World, p. 118.
Friedman, "Beyond the Age of Ford." Cf. Piore and Sabel, The Second Industrial
Divide.
On the difference between size and flexibility, see Landes, "Piccolo e bello. Ma e
bello dawéro?"
Dertouzos et al, Made in America, p. 180. Not that Japanese technical strategies
were homogeneous from one company to another. Nissan and Toyota, for example,
show significant differences—the former closer to the American pattern; the latter
given to more flexible methods. Cf. Cusumano, Japanese Automobile Industry.
Abernathy and Clark, p. 36, speak of "fascinating parallels but ultimately sharp
contrasts." Cf. Cusumano, Japanese Automobile Industry, ch. 5, on the Toyota pro
duction system and the extraordinary career of Taiichi Ohno, who came to autos from
the mother firm (Toyoda automatic looms), saw everything anew, and transformed the
character of mass production.
Halberstam, The Reckoning, pp. 43, 50.
Cf. Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World, p. 109, on the Honda
Accord.
See Johnson, Japan, p. 31.
On much of this, see Tabb, The Postwar Japanese System, p. 160.
Cf. Keith Bradsher, "Cost-Cutting Strategy," N.T. Times, 17 March 1996, p. A-
1, on the pros and cons of the strike at the Dayton, Ohio, brake plant of General Mo
tors.
Cf. Stopford and Strange, Rival States, pp. 84-85.
NT. Times, 13 May 1983, p. D-3.
Holusha, "Detroit's New Labor Strategy."
See Keith Bradsher, "New Union Tactics," N.T. Times, 10 March 1996, p. A-16.
CHAPTER 28
Cf. Ishac Diwan, "Hard Time for More Labor Economics," Forum (Newsletter
of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran & Turkey), 2, 2
(July-August 1995), 1-3; and N. Fergany, "Unemployment in Arab Countries: The
Menace Swept Under the Rug," ibid., pp. 4-5.
Bulmer-Thomas, Economic History of Latin America, p. 278.
The U.N. International Drug Control Programme, in its first World Drug Report,
estimates the trade in illicit drugs at $400 billion—about 8 percent of total world
trade. Between 28 and 53 percent of Bolivia's export revenues are estimated to come
from narcotics; some 6 percent of Colombia's GDP—Financial Times, 26 June 1997,
p. 4. Guesses all.
For a fascinating insight into the fairy-tale economics of the Socialist countries, in
this case, the German Democratic Republic, see Merkel and Miihlberg, eds., Wun-
derwirtschaft.
Feshbach and Friendly, Ecocide in the USSR, ch. 4; Kaplan, Ends of the Earth, p.
277; David Filipov, "A Sea Dies, Mile by Mile," Boston Globe, 23 March 1997, p. A-l.
Filipov, "In Chernobyl Soil, Fatalism Thrives," Boston Globe, 21 April 1996, p. 17.
Cf. Josephson, " 'Projects of the Century' " p. 546 and passim.
Shcherbak, "Ten Years of the Chornobyl Era," p. 44. See also Marples, Social Im
pact; Medvedev, Truth About Chernobyl; Michael Specter, "10 Years Later, Through
Fear, Chernobyl Still Kills in Belarus," N.T. Times, 31 March 1996, p. A-l.
