INDEX 647pepper, 130, 147, 155
Pereire, Emile, 263
Pereire, Isaac, 263
Perkin, William Henry, 288-89, 290
Phelps, Oliver, 319
Philippines, 141, 143
pirates, 96, 97, 131-32, 141, 144
Pizarro, Francisco, 107-8
Plassey, battle of, 160-61, 166
plastics, 284
Plato, 331
plows, 41
poison scandal, 203 w
Pollard, Sidney, 464
Polo, Marco, 350
porcelain, 155
Portugal, 79-93, 125-36
Catholicism in, 126, 133-36, 312, 329
China and, 340
empire of, 104, 125-36, 144, 171, 310, 313,
329,425,430
exploration by, 70, 79-93
industrialization of, 249, 250
intellectual life of, 201-2
Japan and, 351, 354, 355
literacy in, 250
Muslim population of, 65-66, 126, 179
as naval power, 89, 94, 97-98, 126-27, 129,
150-52
population of, 125
slavery and, 69-70, 125-26, 129
trade of, 126-32,154
wealth of, 171
postal service, 306, 469
poverty:
disease and, xvii-xix, 7-13, 17, 23, 40, 62-63,
71, 106-7,109, 117, 169-70, 293
economic decline and, 442-64, 492
exploitation and, 381-91, 408, 432-33, 434
religion and, 452-53, 492
social impact of, xx, 157, 173, 220, 250,
345-46,410, 518-24
in Third World, 194, 236, 252, 269, 433,
509,516
unemployment and, 491, 509, 521-23
power:
absolute, 102
disparities of, 63
political, 187,231-35
religion and, 392-95
wealth and, 161,162, 519
Prebisch, Raoul, 510
presbyopia, 46, 47
prices:
commodity, 432
differentials in, 141-43
land, 297
level of, 193, 195-96, 222, 444»
setting of, 267»Priestley, Joseph, 177
printing, 51-52, 99, 134, 164, 180, 191-92,
197, 401-2
privateers, 87-88
production:
factors of, 293
lean, 484-90
mass, 47, 121, 187-93, 222, 298, 301^,
306-7, 449, 454,480-81, 484-90, 496
means of, 217
organization of, 242-45
quality control in, 472, 484, 485
rural vs. urban, 43-44, 243, 244
productivity:
agricultural, 41, 43
climate and, 15-16
in Industrial Revolution, 186-87, 196-98,
199,213,232
level of, 521, 523
mechanical clock and, 49-50
profits:
level of, 443-14
margin of, 128», 129-32, 141^4, 147-48
rate of, 267
volume vs., 121
progress, 57, 59, 201, 206, 513, 521
property rights, 32, 33, 34, 35, 56, 75, 157,
217, 248, 296
prostitution, 382, 503
protectionism, 234, 265-67, 276, 280, 281,
326, 446, 473, 483, 493
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The
(Weber), 174-79
Protestantism, 35, 38, 52, 58, 136, 138,
139-40, 174-80, 181, 223, 311
putting-out system, 43-44, 208, 209, 213, 227,
243, 364, 382, 383, 388, 462
Qing dynasty, 339», 344-45
Quakers, 119,297, 299
Quetzlcoatl, 106
quinine, 288-89, 426
racism, 4, 311
railways, 236, 257, 262, 263, 265, 268, 269,
270, 282, 295, 301, 314, 320, 326, 345,
437, 469
rainfall, 13-14, 17-18, 27-28
Raleigh, Walter, 151
Reaumur, René Antoine de, 286, 287
reconquista, 65-66, 76-77, 423
Reformation, 38, 52, 58, 179
refrigeration, 323, 468
religion:
economic decline and, 452-54, 492
freedom of, 223»
government and, 38, 54
power and, 392-95
science and, 176-77, 201, 341, 512»4