Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers

The event that X 2 consists of the six outcomes:

Using the assumption that the trials are independent, the probability of {EEOO} is

Also, any one of the six mutually exclusive outcomes for which X2 has the same proba-

bility of occurring. Therefore,

In general,

P 1 Xx 2 (number of outcomes that result in xerrors) times 1 0.1 2 x 1 0.9 24 x

P 1 X 22  61 0.0081 2 0.0486

P 1 EEOO 2 P 1 E 2 P 1 E 2 P 1 O 2 P 1 O 2  1 0.1 221 0.9 22 0.0081

5 EEOO, EOEO, EOOE, OEEO, OEOE, OOEE 6

3-6 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 73

and by definition. We also use the combinatorial notation

For example,

See Section 2-1.4, CD material for Chapter 2, for further comments.

EXAMPLE 3-16 The chance that a bit transmitted through a digital transmission channel is received in error is

0.1. Also, assume that the transmission trials are independent. Let X the number of bits in

error in the next four bits transmitted. Determine.

Let the letter Edenote a bit in error, and let the letter Odenote that the bit is okay, that is,

received without error. We can represent the outcomes of this experiment as a list of four let-

ters that indicate the bits that are in error and those that are okay. For example, the outcome

OEOEindicates that the second and fourth bits are in error and the other two bits are okay. The

corresponding values for xare

P 1 X 22

a

5

2

b

5!

2! 3!



120

2  6

 10

a

n

x

b

n!

x! 1 nx 2!

0 ! 1

Outcome x Outcome x

OOOO 0 EOOO 1

OOOE 1 EOOE 2

OOEO 1 EOEO 2

OOEE 2 EOEE 3

OEOO 1 EEOO 2

OEOE 2 EEOE 3

OEEO 2 EEEO 3

OEEE 3 EEEE 4

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