vi
3.5.2 Love on the Plantation ................................................................................ 156
3.6 THE CAGED BIRD AND A POET IN CHAINS ......................................... 165
3.7 RECASTING THE REVOLUTION .............................................................. 173
3.8 LEGACY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................... 178
4.0 NATIONAL POETRY AND FATEFUL POLITICS: THE WORK AND
LEGACY OF MASSILLON COICOU .................................................................................. 180
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 180
4.2 THE POET AND THE MUSE ....................................................................... 191
4.3 WARS AND RUMORS OF WARS ............................................................... 200
4.3.1 Triumphant imperialism and foreign invasions ....................................... 200
4.3.2 Gun-boats and Yankees .............................................................................. 209
4.3.3 Civil wars ...................................................................................................... 217
4.4 RACE, NATION, AND COICOU’S “GÉNIE AFRICAIN” ....................... 222
4.5 POETRY AND BEYOND: FROM HAITI TO PARIS AND BACK AGAIN
238
4.6 POLITICAL CAUSES AND CONSPIRACIES ........................................... 245
4.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 254
5.0 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 257
APPENDIX A: POEMS BY CORIOLAN ARDOUIN AND IGNACE NAU ..................... 259
APPENDIX B: POEMS BY OSWALD DURAND ................................................................ 280
APPENDIX C : POEMS BY MASSILLON COICOU ......................................................... 314
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 341