The Dictionary of Human Geography

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Suggested reading

Chorley (1971); Fenneman (1919); Gregory

(2005), which includes a reprint of Chorley

(1971); Pitman (2005); Rhoads and Thorne

(1996); Turner (2002) and subsequent discus-

sions.

Pirenne thesis A model of the relations

between internationaltrade andurbaniza-

tionin post-Roman and medievaleurope,

proposed by the Belgian historian Henri

Pirenne (1862–1935) (Pirenne, 1925, 2001

[1937]). The fall of the Roman Empire inad

476 produced a politico-military crisis, but

Pirenne argued that the majoreconomicshock

to the urban system came much later, from the

Islamic conquest of the eastern Mediterranean

and North Africa, Sicily and southern Spain

(al-Andalus) in the eighth century. Long-dis-

tance Mediterranean trade was cut ‘with the

elemental force of a cosmic cataclysm’, and

the urban foundations of Europe crumbled as

it was ‘forced to live by its own resources’.

Europe fractured into a series of cellular, insu-

lar regions. It was not until the tenth and

eleventh centuries, so Pirenne claimed, after

the ChristianReconquista in Spain and the

military campaigns of the Crusades, that

Regional and

spatial planning

Scenery and

nature park

conservation

European

Landscape

Convention

Landscape and

architecture planning

Land art

(Serra, Christo)

Landscape

painting

Total-Kunstwerk

(Wagner)

14th century Renaissance:

arts. perception and philosophy

FRANCESCO

PETRARCA

Poetry and

music

Total

human ecosphere

landscape

(Naveh)

Landscape

character

HOLISM

Town, park and

garden planning

Nature

conservation

areas

Ecology

Landscape

ecology

Human

ecology

Human

geography

Historical

geography

Regional

geography

Bio- and physical

geography

Middle Ages: regionalization

Landscape =

politically defined area of land

(region, territory)

ALEXANDER

VON HUMBOLDT

16th−18th century Age of Discovery:

cartography and naturalists

Convention for

Biological Diversity

physical geography 4: The relations between landscape, conservation, geography and landscape ecology

(Wascher, 2005)

Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_4_P Final Proof page 538 1.4.2009 3:20pm

PIRENNE THESIS