separatelives,withfathershavingthe
primaryeconomicresponsibilityand
mothersformingtheprimaryattachment
withthechildren.Thesplit-household
familycontinueduntilabout1920(Glenn,
2007).
Thefirstgroupof Japaneseimmigrants
cameinthelate1800saspoliticalrefugees.
Initially,immigrantswereprimarilymale
butbytheearly20thcentury,immigrants
werealmostexclusivelyfemale,often
marryingandestablishingfamilieswith
Japanesementheyhadnevermet.The
Japaneseimmigrantsworkedasagricultural
laborersandbytheearly20thcenturywere
farmingmuchof California’sagricultural
land.Althoughtherewasnoexclusionactas
therewasfortheChinese,theJapanese,like
otherethnicgroups,experienced
discrimination(Daniels,2002).
ShortlyaftertheAmericanannexationof
thePhilippinesin1898,groupsof Filipino
studentscametotheUnitedStatesand
someof themstayed,establishingFilipino-
Americancommunitiesattheendof the
century.LikeotherAsians,theytoo
experienceddiscrimination.
Hispanic-American Families in the 1800s
Intheearly1800s,muchof theSouth
andSouthwestwaspartof Mexico.In1846,
warbrokeoutbetweenMexicoand
America.ThevictoriousAmericansclaimed
notonlyTexas,butMexicanterritoryin
California,Nevada,Utah,Mexico,
Wyoming,andArizona.Mexicanswere
giventhechancetoremainintheUnited
StatesascitizensorreturntoMexicoand
mostchosetoremain.TheseMexicans
cannotbeconsideredimmigrantsbecause
theywerealreadylivingonwhatbecame
Americansoiland,therefore,werethefirst
Mexican-Americanpopulation(Brinkley,
2003).
MexicanAmericans,liketheChinese,
suffereddiscriminationfromstereotypes,
suchasdirtyandunfair,butthebooming
U.S.economyluredmanymoreacrossthe
border,creatinganexplosionof Mexican-
Americanimmigrantsbytheendof the
1800s.MostMexicanAmericanswere
Catholic,which clashed with the
predominantlyProtestantAmericansettlers,
creatingyetanotherpointfordiscrimination
(Daniels,2002).
Mexican-Americanfamilies,likeAnglo-
Americanfamilies,demonstrateddiversity
intheirlivingarrangements.Mexican-
Americanfamiliesgenerallyconsistedof
extendedfamily,aswellasavarietyof
others,bothrelatedandnon-related,living
togetherwithamarriedcouple.Whilethe
proportionof extended-familyhouseholds
hasdecreasedsincethe1800s,lafamilia
(termwhichdescribestheclosebondsof
affectionbetweenkin,extendedkin,and
adoptedkin)isstillaveryimportantpartof
Hispanicfamiliestoday(DelCastillo,2007).
The mid 1800s brought other
immigrants to youngAmerica.The largestThe Changing Face of theAmerican Family: Early History