614 Index
Beliefs; see also Schemas; Self-schemas
about physiological changes, 291–292
biased
focus on, 182–184
modifying, 184–186
maladaptive
in OCD, 459t, 463–465, 476, 481, 484
PTSD and, 508, 518–519
and vulnerability to PTSD, 509–512, 511t–512t
modifying, in OCD, 477t
pretrauma, in PTSD, 528–529, 529t
trauma, 531–532
Benzodiazepine-gamma-aminobutyric acid, 21–22
Bergman, Ingrid, 101
Bibliotherapy, 197
“Blocking” strategies, in response prevention, 254
Bodily sensation exposures, 250–251
Bodily sensations in panic disorders
catastrophic misinterpretation of, 293, 295
hypervigilance of, 278, 297
Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire,
300–301
Body Sensations Questionnaire, 296, 307
Breath holding exercise, for panic disorder, 315–316,
317t
Breathing difficulties, appraisals and threat-oriented
schemas associated with, 145t
Breathing retraining, 266
current status of, 323
in panic disorder, 322–323
protocol for, 324t
C
“Camel effect,” 477–478
Catastrophic Cognitions Questionnaire, 298
Catastrophic misinterpretation, in panic disorder
assessment of, 310–311
cognitive restructuring of, 317–318
criticisms of, 302–303
empirical support for, 300–302
Catastrophizing
definition and examples, 169
in GAD, 411–412
in panic attacks, 278–279, 292–293
as processing error, 47
in PTSD, 532
safety-seeking behavior and, 66
Chest pain, exaggerated faulty appraisal and threat-
oriented schema associated with, 145t
Clark-Beck Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, 470–471
Classical conditioning, in fear response, 34–35
Classical conditioning theory, 23–24
Claustrophobia, bodily sensation hypersensitivity
and, 297
Client education
about GAD, 424–426
about OCD, 476–477, 477t
about panic disorder, 314–315
about PTSD, 537–540, 537t
about social phobia, 370–372
in cognitive interventions, 190–197
about role of avoidance and safety-seeking,
193–194
defining anxiety and fear in, 191–197
homework compliance in, 198–200
methods of, 196–197
nontherapy strategies and, 196
primary elements of, 190–191, 191t
treatment goal in, 195
treatment strategies in, 195–196
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale(CAPS), 525–
526
Cognition
in acceptance and commitment therapy versus
cognitive therapy, 224
biological concomitants in anxiety, 22t
case for, 26–29
conscious, in alteration of fear response, 27–28
in fear acquisition, 27
measures of, in PTSD, 527–528
mediating effects of, 31
in mediation of amygdala activation, 28
preconscious, versus conscious, 27
problematic (see also Automatic thoughts; Intrusive
thoughts)
challenging, 255
role in anxiety, 30
Cognitions Checklist, 133
Cognitive assessment and case formulation, forms for,
162 –179
Cognitive avoidance, 146
as automatic defensive reaction, 84–85
in imaginal versus in vivo exposures, 249
Cognitive bias modification, 119-120
Cognitive case formulation, 157–160
form for diagramming, 176
Cognitive compensatory strategies, detrimental
in cognitive model of anxiety, 56t
empirical status of, 92–99
Cognitive coping
excessive worry and, 152–154
strategies for, 154–157
Cognitive defusion, defined, 223
Cognitive errors
depressive, 74–75
threat-biased
in cognitive model of anxiety, 55t
empirical status of, 72–75
Cognitive factors, in fear response, 18–21
Cognitive interventions, 180–233; see also cognitive
therapy under specific disorders
case illustrations, 180–181
forms for, 227–233
objectives of, 181–190
adaptive approach to safety, 189–190
focusing on appraisals and beliefs, 182–184