I n d e x 627
exaggerated, in OCD, 475
explicit memory bias for, 88–90
hypervigilence for, assessment of, 64–65
shifting focus of, 182
to sociotropy/autonomy, 42–43, 43t
Threat appraisal; see also Automatic thoughts
automatic, tests of, 71–72
automatic/strategic processing of, 40
biased, 73
cognitive restructuring of, in GAD, 428–429
in empirical hypothesis-testing, 213–214
faulty, 34, 36t, 37
in cognitive model of anxiety, 55t
cognitive therapy and, 36, 37
empirical status of, 68–72
in GAD, 407–409
in OCD, 461, 475, 480
physical symptoms associated with, 145t
modifying, 184–186, 185t
realistic, clinical questions about, 152t
in social phobia, 353–354, 356–357
Threat avoidance, empirical perspective on, 68
Threat bias, attentional, in GAD, 404–405, 409–
410
Threat cognitions, elevated disorder-specific
in cognitive model of anxiety, 55t
empirical status of, 79–82
Threat elaboration, facilitated
autobiographical memory and, 90
in cognitive model of anxiety, 55t
empirical status of, 86–91
explicit memory bias and, 88–90
threat-biased interpretations and, 86–88
threat-related expectancies and, 88
Threat evaluation system, activation of, 69
Threat images, 35
Threat interpretation, exaggerated, 293
Threat mode activation
automatic defensive reaction and, 83, 83f
consequence of, hypotheses pertaining to, 72–85
immediate fear response and, hypotheses pertaining
to, 58–72
Threat reappraisal, 51, 157
in normal versus abnormal anxiety, 52t
worry in, 405
Threat schema, in GAD, 402–403t
Threat value, assignment of, 37
Threat words, disorder-specific, 61
Threat-biased cognitive errors, empirical status of,
72 –75
Threat-biased interpretation, 86–88
induced, research on, 119–121
Threat-relevant beliefs
anxiety and, empirical evidence for, 116–121
in cognitive vulnerability model of anxiety,
116 –122
enduring, in cognitive model of anxiety, 56t
Threat-relevant thoughts, automatic, 47–48; see also
Automatic thoughts
Tonic immobility, 146
Trait anxiety, 104
attentional threat bias and, 60
Trauma
defined, 509
enhanced encoding during, 509–510, 517
in PTSD, 493, 494t
attitude toward, 507
beliefs and appraisals in, 531–532
nature of, 529t, 530–531
Trauma exposure
in acute stress disorder, 495, 496t
gender factors in, 498
prevalence of, versus PTSD prevalence, 498
and representation in working memory, 512
types of, 499–500
Trauma information, Stroop interference effect for,
519
Trauma Intrusion Self-Monitoring Form, 554
Trauma memory, 35
imaginal exposure to, in PTSD, 543–545
Trauma Memory Narrative, 534
Trauma Narrative, in PTSD therapy, 544–545
Traumatic thought intrusions, in PTSD, 513–514
Triggers
detailed descriptions of, 140
environmental
in assessment of fear activation, 137, 138t
in cognitive model, 42–43
interoceptive (see Interoceptive triggers)
interview questions for assessing, 138t, 139
for panic disorder, 289, 290t
situational
in panic attacks, 277–278, 280–281, 280t
in social phobia, 350–352, 350t
worry, 420
Tunnel vision, definition and examples, 169
Twain, Mark, 234
Two-factor theory, Mowrer’s, 23–24, 24fuUncertainty, intolerance of; see Intolerance of
uncertainty
Uncertainty inoculation, in GAD, 435–436vVancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, 472
Vicious Cycle of Panic Form, 314–315
Vigilance, heightened, in panic disorder, 293, 296
Violence; see also Danger; Threat
anxiety and, 3–4
Visual dot probe task, 62–63
Vulnerability, 36t, 41–42, 101–123
anxiety sensitivity and, 104–108
beliefs about, in PTSD, 518–519
biological determinants of, 103
case illustrations of, 101–102