354 Motor Control
Virjii-Babul, N., Cooke, J. D., & Brown, S. H. (1994). Effects of
gravitational forces on single joint arm movements in humans.
Experimental Brain Research, 99,338–346.
Viviani, P., & Flash, T. (1995). Minimum-jerk, two-thirds power
law, and isochrony: Converging approaches to movement plan-
ning.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
and Performance, 21,32–53.
Viviani, P., Perani, D., Grassi, F., Bettinardi, V., & Fazio, F. (1998).
Hemispheric asymmetries and bimanual asynchrony in left- and
right-handers.Experimental Brain Research, 120,531–536.
Voigt, E. (1933). Über den Aufbau von Bewegungsgestalten [On the
composition of movement Gestalts]. Neue Psychologische Stu-
dien,9,1–32.
Vorberg, D., & Wing, A. M. (1996). Modeling variability and
dependence in timing. In H. Heuer & S. W. Keele (Eds.), Hand-
book of perception and action: Vol. 2. Motor skills(pp. 181–
262). London: Academic Press.
Wadman, W. J., Denier van der Gon, J. J., Geuze, R. H., & Mol, C.
R. (1979). Control of fast goal-directed arm movements. Journal
of Human Movement Studies, 5,3–17.
Welch, R. B. (1971). Discriminative conditioning of prism adapta-
tion.Perception & Psychophysics, 10,90–92.
Welch, R. B. (1972). The effect of experienced limb identity upon
adaptation to simulated displacement of the visual field.Percep-
tion & Psychophysics, 12,453–456.
Welch, R. B. (1978). Perceptual modification. Adapting to altered
sensory environments. New York: Academic Press.
Welch, R. B., Bridgeman, B., Anand, S., & Browman, K. E. (1993).
Alternating prism exposure causes dual adaptation and general-
ization to a novel displacement. Perception & Psychophysics,
54,195–204.
Whiting, H. T. A., & Cockerill, I. M. (1974). Eyes on hand—eyes on
target? Journal of Motor Behavior, 6,27–32.
Winter, D. A., & Robertson, D. G. E. (1978). Joint torque and energy
patterns in normal gait.Biological Cybernetics, 29,137–142.
Woodworth, R. S. (1899). The accuracy of voluntary movement.
Psychological Review, 3 (Monograph Suppl. 3).
Wright, C. E., & Meyer, D. E. (1983). Conditions for a linear speed-
accuracy trade-off in aimed movements. Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 35A,279–296.
Wulf, G., Höß, M., & Prinz, W. (1998). Instructions for motor learn-
ing: differential effects of internal vs. external focus of attention.
Journal of Motor Behavior, 30,169–179.
Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement
effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and
Review, 8, 648–660.
Yamanishi, J., Kawato, M., & Suzuki, R. (1980). Two coupled os-
cillators as a model of the coordinated finger tapping by both
hands.Biological Cybernetics, 37,219–225.
Young, L. R. (1969). On adaptive manual control. Ergonomics, 12,
635–675.
Zattara, M., & Bouisset, S. (1986). Chronometric analysis of the
posturo-kinetic programming of voluntary movement. Journal
of Motor Behavior, 18,215–223.
Zelaznik, H. N., Hawkins, B., & Kisselburgh, L. (1983). Rapid vi-
sual feedback processing in single-aiming movements. Journal
of Motor Behavior, 15,217–236.
Zelaznik, H. N., Mone, S., McCabe, G. P., & Thaman, C. (1988).
Role of temporal and spatial precision in determining the nature
of the speed-accuracy trade-off in aimed hand movements. Jour-
nal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor-
mance, 14,221–230.
Zelaznik, H. N., Shapiro, D. C., & Carter, M. C. (1982). The
specification of digit and duration during motor programming: A
new method of precueing. Journal of Motor Behavior, 14,
57–68.