urban design: method and techniques

those ideas which are compatible with sustainable

development. Chapter 6 covers the techniques used

in evaluating alternative proposals. Project evaluation

for major urban design projects which aim at deliv-

ering sustainable development and therefore at the

promotion of equity should include a consideration

of the distribution of costs and benefits: the gainers

and losers should be clearly identified. This chapter

therefore covers social and economic evaluation

such as cost-benefit analysis in addition to environ-

mental analysis. Chapter 7 is concerned with

communication of ideas; it includes techniques of

report presentation and case studies in visual

presentation of urban design projects. Chapter 8

discusses the process of implementation, summariz-

ing the whole process of design using project

management as a means of relating the construction

phase, monitoring and feedback to the earlier

phases of design method. Chapter 9 is a short

conclusion summarizing the contents of the

chapters and raising a number of questions left

unanswered in the text.

REFERENCES

1 Little, W. et al. (revised by C.T. Onions) (1952 reprint) The

Shorter Oxford English Dictionary,Vol. 1, Oxford:

Clarendon Press (first published in 1933) p. 1243.

2 Morris, W. (ed.) (1973) The American Heritage Dictionary,

New York: Houghton Mifflin, p. 826.

3 Little, W. et al.,op.cit., Vol. 2, p. 2140.

4 Morris, W. (ed.) op.cit., p. 1321.

5 Little, W. et al.,op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 1243.

6 Little, W. et al.,op cit., Vol. 2, p. 2140.

7 Morris, W. (ed.) op.cit., p. 1321.

8 Howard, E. (1965) Garden Cities of Tomorrow, London:

Faber and Faber.

9 Wotton, H. (1969) The Elements of Architecture, London:

Gregg.

10 Moughtin, J.C. (1992) Urban Design: Street and Square,

Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, and Moughtin, J.C., Oc, T.

and Tiesdell, S. (1995) Urban Design: Ornament and

Decoration, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

11 Moughtin, J.C. (1996) Urban Design: Green Dimensions,

Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

12 World Commission on Environment and Development,

(1987)Our Common Future: The Brundtland Report,

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

13 Blowers, A. (ed.) (1993) Planning for a Sustainable

Future, London: Earthscan.

14 World Commission on Environment and Development, op.

cit.

15 Department of the Environment (1990) This Common

Inheritance, Britain’s Environmental strategy, CM 1200,

London: HMSO.

16 United Nations (1972) Conference on the Human

Environment, New York: UN.

17 Elkin, T. and McLaren, D. with Hillman, M. (1991) Reviving

the City, London: Friends of the Earth.

18 Ibid.

19 Moughtin J.C. (1992) op.cit.

20 Ibid.

21 RIBA (1965) Architectural Practice and Management

Handbook, London: RIBA.

22 Markus, T.A. (1969) The role of building performance

measurement and appraisal in design method, in Design

Methods in Architecture, eds G. Broadbent and A. Ward,

London: Lund Humphries. See also: Maver, T.W. (1970)

Appraisal in the building design process, inEmerging

Methods in Environmental Design and Planning, ed. G.T.

Moore, Cambridge, MA: MIT.

23 Wallace, W. (1980) An overview of elements in the scien-

tific process, in Social Research: Principles and Procedures,

eds J. Bynner and K.M. Stribley, Harlow: Longman.

24 Lawson, B. (1980) How Designers Think, London:

Architectural Press.

25 Ibid.

26 de Bono, E. (1977) Lateral Thinking, Harmondsworth:

Penguin.

URBAN DESIGN: METHOD AND TECHNIQUES