Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates

Index 295

sharia-based polities, 110, 129, 131
see also fi qh, maqasid al-sharia
al-Shatibi, Abu Ishaq, 22, 168, 191, 194,
239–40
silsila (spiritual genealogy), 127, 142
S ̧ inasi, Ibrahim, 192
Singapore, 251
siyasa shariyya (sharia governance), 166, 191
Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob, 195
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 46, 47
Snouck Hurgronje, C., 126, 127, 128,
164–5
sohbet (close proximity and communication),
142–3
Sonbol, Amira, 94
Soroush, Abdolkarim, 143, 254–5
South East Asia, 130, 148
sovereignty, 13, 26, 27, 30, 44, 65, 167, 188,
196, 201
Soviet Union, 96–101, 142–3
Spinoza, Baruch, 28–9
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 165
Stoddard, Lothrop, 49
Strawson, John, 165
subjectivity, 269, 271, 279
Sufi orders, 24, 25, 59–64, 72, 128–32, 140–2;
see also Bektashiyye, Chishtiyya,
Hamidiyya Shadhiliyya, Haqqaniyya,
Khalidiyya, Khalwatiyya, Mevleviyye,
Muridiyya, Naqshbandiyya, Qadiriyya,
Sammaniyya, Sanusiyya, Tijaniyya
Sufi sm, 23–5, 125–49; see also popular Islam,
Neo-Sufi sm, Western scholarship
suhba see sohbet
Sumatra, 251
syncretism, 148

tafsir (Quranic exegesis)
al-tafsir al-ilmi, 245
al-Tahtawi, Rifaa Rafi , 176, 191
tajdid (renewal), 138, 265, 273; see also
Jadidism
talfi q (eclectic approach), 172
Taliban, 92, 106, 108, 110, 111
Tall, al-Haji Umar, 129, 191
Tanzimat, 65, 68, 198
taqlid (adherence to the authority of
established doctrines within one’s school
of law), 208, 237, 274

tariqa see Sufi orders

Tarzi, Mahmud, 107

Taylor, Charles, 187, 200, 262, 263

Thanawi, Mawlana Ashraf Ali, 172, 176,

218, 224–6, 243, 245

Tijaniyya, 129, 130, 132, 133, 140

tradition, 5–10, 11, 14, 66, 103, 185, 237

‘great’ and ‘little’, 145

Islamic, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 30, 40, 47,

48, 139, 164, 186, 191, 194, 210, 238,

265, 267

local custom and tradition, 145, 148

national, 112, 113

tradition as inhibiting modernisation, 42–4,

95, 97, 237

traditionalism, 162, 169, 272–6

Trimingham, J. Spencer, 134

Troeltsch, Ernst, 38

Tudeh party, 71–2

Tunisi, Khayruddin, 246

turath (heritage), 261

Turkey, 3, 142–3, 146–8

Turkmenistan, 97

ulama (men of knowledge), 4, 25–6, 46–8 58,

63, 72, 194, 196, 198, 206–30

universality, 10, 14, 18, 19, 37, 40, 201, 212,

271

Urabi revolt, 69

Usuman dan Fodio, Shaykh 129, 191

Uthaymin, Muhammad b. Salih, 218, 219,

223–4

Uthmani, Zafar Ahmad, 217–18, 219, 225

Uzbekistan, 97, 98, 100, 101

Vitoria, Francisco de, 163

Voegelin, Eric, 29

Voll, John O., 132, 264

Von Grunebaum, Gustave E., 40–4, 48

wahdat al-wujud (metaphysical doctrine of the

unity of being), 131, 139

Wahhabism, 102, 125, 150n, 232n; see also

Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad b.

Waliullah, Shah, 191, 208, 240

Walzer, Michael, 63–4, 68

Weber, Max, 4, 6, 9, 11, 15, 27, 38, 43, 49,

141

Weismann, Itzchak, 134