addition to decision making, it does need to be put
in appropriate context. It is a new and essential part
of older and previously less sophisticated pro-
cesses of drug development and product selection.
Used appropriately, pharmacoeconomic research
can assist in rational decision making at every
level of drug development and drug therapy.
References
American College of Clinical Pharmacy. 1996.Phar-
macoeconomics and Outcomes: Applications for
Patient Care. A series of three modules created to
develop in-depth working knowledge of pharmacoe-
conomic and outcomes assessment. ACCP Kansas
City Mo 816 531 2177 http://www.accp.com.
Bootman JL, Townsend RJ, McGhan WF (eds.). 2005.
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics, 3rd edition.
Harvey Whitney: Cincinnati, OH.
Feldstein PJ. 1983.Health Care Economics, 2nd edi-
tion. Wiley: New York.
Foundation for Health Sciences Research. 1993.Health
Outcomes Research: a Primer. Foundation for
Health Services Research: Washington, DC.
Hirsch JD, Van Den Eeden SK. 1997. Epilepsy: search-
ing for outcomes data beyond seizure frequency in a
managed care organization.J. Outcomes Manage.
4 (1): 9–11, 14–17, 23.
Jennings BM, Staggers N. 1997. The hazards in
outcomes management. J. Outcomes Manage.
4 (1): 18–23.
Kozma CM, Reeder CE, Schulz RM. 1993. Economic,
clinical and humanistic outcomes: a planning model
for pharmacoeconomic research. Clin. Ther. 15 :
1121–1132.
Lawrence WF, Fryback DG, Martin PA, et al.
- Health status and hypertension: a popula-
tion-based study. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 49 (11):
1239–1245.
Medical Outcomes Trust. 2001. http://www.outcomes-trust.
org 617 426 4046 [email protected].
Sanchez LA, Lee JT. 1994. Use and misuse of phar-
macoeconomic terms: a definitions primer. To p
Hosp. Pharm. Manage. 13 : 11–22.
Zarkin GA, Bala MV, Wood LL,et al. 1996. Estimating
the cost effectiveness of atovaquone versus
intravenous pentamidine in the treatment of mild
to moderate pneumocystis pneumonia.Pharmacoe-
conomics 6 : 525–534.
Further reading
Bowling A. 1995.Measuring Health: a Review of
Disease-specific Quality of Life Measurement
Scales. Open University Press: Buckingham, UK,
and Bristol, PA.
Bowling A. 1997.Measuring Health: a Review of
Quality of Life Measurement Scales, 2nd edition.
Open University Press: Buckingham, UK, and
Bristol, PA.
Drummond MF, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. 1986.
Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health
Care Programmes. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Drummond MF, O^0 Brien B. 1993. Clinical importance,
statistical significance and the assessment of eco-
nomic and quality of life outcomes.Health Econ. 2 :
205.
Eddy DM. 1990. Should we change the rules for
evaluating medical technologies? InModern Meth-
ods of Clinical Investigation, Gelljns AC (ed.).
National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
Freund DA, Dittus RS. 1992. Principles of pharmacoe-
conomics analysis of drug therapy.PharmacoEco-
nomics 1 : 20–32.
Jolicoeur LM, Jones-Grizzle AJ, Boyer JG. 1992.
Guidelines for performing a pharmacoeconomic
analysis.Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 49 : 1741–1747.
Lee JT, Sanchez LA. 1992. Interpretation of ‘cost-
effective’ and soundness of economic evaluations
in pharmacy literature.Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 48 :
2622–2627.
McDowell I, Newell C. 1996.Measuring Health: a
Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires, 2nd
edition. Oxford University Press: New York.
Patrick DL, Deyo RA. 1989. Generic and disease-
specific measures in assessing health status and
quality of life.Med. Care 27 (suppl): S217–S232.
Sederer L, Dickey B (eds.). 1996.Outcomes Assessment in
Clinical Practice. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore,
MD.
Spilker B (ed.). 1990.Quality of Life Assessments in
Clinical Trials. Raven: New York.
Ware JE Jr. 1995. The status of health assessment 1994.
Ann. Rev. Public Health 16 : 327–354.
FURTHER READING 301