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REFERENCES 295JavaScript The common name of a Web scripting lan-
guage based on ECMAScript, which is unrelated to
Java in all but name. JavaScript is traditionally used
within Web browsers for validation of form data and
other basic tasks but with the rise of complex document
object modules, JavaScript is increasingly being used
to perform complex client-side manipulations. The use
of JavaScript in such a fashion is a major part of dy-
namic HTML or DHTML.
Middleware Layers of software between client, server,
and other N-tier levels that provide services such as
communication. Often bought from a third party ven-
dor.
N-tier architecture A software architectural design
with components that are broken up into two or more
(N) layers, where each layer only communicates with
its two adjacent layers.
.NET A collection of conventions, plug-ins, and library
packages that support Web software on Microsoft plat-
forms.
Plug-ins Programs that are installed and used in the
context of a Web browser; used to process particular
types of files from the Web server such as PDF, Flash,
and Java.
Scripted pages HTML templates that process business
logic by executing on the server side, not client side,
and that can access software on the server to get and
process data. Common server-side scripting environ-
ments include Active Server Pages (ASP), ASP.NET,
ColdFusion, Java Server Pages (JSP), and the PHP plat-
form.
World Wide Web Consortium An organization with the
responsibility of leading the development of the Web,
its technologies, and its standards.
Web site engineering The application of well-docu-
mented principles, techniques, and technologies to de-
velop software for the Web that is of high quality, where
the quality must satisfy goals in terms of measurable
criteria such as reliability, usability, security, availabil-
ity, scalability, maintainability, and performance.
Web server A program that supplies Web pages and
other Web services to clients, or a computer that makes
software available through Web protocols.
XML (extensible markup language) A flexible way to
create common information formats and share both
the format and the data among programs.CROSS REFERENCES
See Client/Server Computing; Common Gateway Inter-
face (CGI) Scripts; DHTML (Dynamic HyperText Markup
Language); Extensible Markup Language (XML); HTML /
XHTML (HyperText Markup Language/Extensible Hyper-
Text Markup Language); Java; Java Server Pages (JSP);
JavaBeans and Software Architecture; JavaScript; Middle-
ware; Web Site Design.REFERENCES
Berners-Lee, T. (1999).Weaving the Web.San Francisco:
Harper.
Constantine, L. L., & Lockwood, L. A. D. (2000). Softwarefor use: A practical guide to the models and methods
of usage centered design. ACM Press.
Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (2002).
Capability maturity model for software (SWE-CMM).
Retrieved April 24, 2002, from http://www.sei.cmu.edu/
cmm/
Dustin, E., & Rashka, J., & McDarmid, D. (2001). Qual-
ity Web systems: Performance, security, and usability.
Addison-Wesley.
Farley, J. (2000). Microsoft .NET vs. J2EE: How do they
stack up? Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly & Associates. Re-
trieved August 1, 2000, from http://java.oreilly.com/
news/farley0800.html
Kassem, N., & the Enterprise Team. (2000).Designing En-
terprise applications with the Java 2 platform (Enterprise
Edition).Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Menasc ́e, D. A. (2000).Scaling for e-business: Technolo-
gies, models, performance, and capacity planning.Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Middleware Company. (2002). The Petstore revisited:
J2EE vs .NET application server performance bench-
mark. Retrieved October 2002 from http://www.
middleware-company.com/j2eedotnetbench/
Murugesan, S., & Deshpande, Y. (2001). Web engineer-
ing: A new discipline for development of Web-based
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WebEngineering 2001 (pp. 3–13). Berlin, Germany:
Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science
2016.
Nielsen, J. (2000).Designing Web usability.Indianapolis,
IN: New Riders.
Offutt, J. (2002). Quality attributes of web software ap-
plications.IEEE Software[Special issue on software
engineering of Internet software], 19 (2), 25–32.
Patzer, A. (2000).Professional Java Server programming
(J2EE edition).Chicago, IL: Wrox Press.
Powell, T. A. (1998).Web site engineering: Beyond Web page
design.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
President’s Information Technology Advisory Commit-
tee (1999). Information technology research: Invest-
ing in our future (Technical Report). Washington, DC:
National Coordination Office for Computing, Infor-
mation, and Communications. Retrieved February 7,
2003, from http://www.ccic.gov/ac/report
Sall, K. (2002). XML syntax rules, Web developers virtual
library. Retrieved April 5, 2002, from http://www.wdvl.
com/Authoring/Languages/XML/XMLFamily/XMLS
yntax/sall21.html
Scharl, A. (2000).Evolutionary Web development.Berlin,
Germany: Springer.
Schneider, F. B. (1999). Trust in cyberspace. Wash-
ington, DC: National Academy Press. Retrieved
February 7, 2003, from http://www.nap.edu/html/
trust/
Sessions, R. (2001). Java 2 Enterprise edition (J2EE)
versus The .NET platform: Two visions for eBusi-
ness. ObjectWatch. Retrieved March 28, 2001, from
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Sun, J., Song, J. D., Liu, J., & Wang, H. (2001, May).Object-
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