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Guizani WL040/Bidgolio-Vol I WL040-Sample.cls July 16, 2003 10:7 Char Count= 0
Wireless Communications ApplicationsWireless Communications Applications
Mohsen Guizani,Western Michigan UniversityIntroduction 817
OSI Model for the Internet 817
Internet Protocols (IP) 817
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 818
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 818
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 818
Cellular Phone Generation 818
First Generation (1G) 818
Second Generation (2G) 818
Second^1 / 2 Generation (2.5G) 818
Third Generation (3G) 818
Fourth Generation 818
Cellular Networks 820
Types of Handoff 820
Voice Coding 821
PCS Standards 821
GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) 821
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data) 821
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 821
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone
System) 822
PDC/JDC (Personal Digital Cellular/Japanese
Digital Cellular) 822
D-AMPS+ 822
CdmaOne 822
CdmaTwo 822Third-Generation Standards 822
IMT-2000 822
W-CDMA 823
TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) 823
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Systems) 824
CDMA 2000 824
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution) 824
Mobile Data Services 824
Messaging 824
The Wireless Web 824
Wireless LANs 825
Wireless LAN Standards 826
Access Points 826
Wireless ATM 826
Wireless ATM Key Issues 828
Future Phones 829
Wearable Computers 829
Smart Phones 829
Tablets 829
Clamshell 829
Subnotebooks 829
Conclusion 829
Glossary 829
Cross References 830
References 830INTRODUCTION
Statistics show that the level of demand for wireless com-
munications in the past decade has exceeded expectations
even when the cost of owning a mobile handset was at its
highest. Some of the rational reasons are deregulation of
telecommunications monopolies worldwide and adoption
of internationally recognized standards by abandoning
proprietary standards. Special tariff packages for mobile
calls that cause prices to fall due to increased competition
and aggressive marketing are being practiced.
It is evident that the wireless communications mar-
ket has been evolving at an exponential rate since the
1990s and the numbers justify its growth today. One ex-
planation for such growth patterns can be recognized by
the replacement of analog by digital standards. Another
well-accepted reason is a long-term objective to substi-
tute wired communication with wireless communications
technologies. Third world countries that lack a reliable
wired-based communications infrastructure are adopt-
ing wireless communications technologies as a cheaper
alternative. Consequently, wireless communications has
proved to be one of the most profitable parts of the
telecommunications sector worldwide.
At present, the majority of mobile communications
users also own a fixed-link telephone. But, growth in
demand for data and Internet-based services has beendriving the wired-communication market over the past
few years. However, if consumers want to incorporate
data, voice, video, and Internet-based services in wire-
less communications, an infrastructure based on wireless
asynchronous transfer mode (WATM) technologies can be
used to integrate the best of the two worlds.OSI MODEL FOR THE INTERNET
The open system interconnect (OSI) model divides com-
munication into layers. Each layer fulfills certain tasks
and makes different combinations for different applica-
tions. The different layers for the Internet models are the
network interface layer, Internet layer (equivalent to the
network layer on the OSI model and primarily includes
IP), transport layer, and the application layer.Internet Protocols (IP)
IP transports packets to the desired destination host on
the network. IP is a connectionless protocol and is not
aware of any sessions. Every packet is routed indepen-
dently, and different parts of the same transmission might
take a different route. Along the way the packet might be
lost, corrupted, duplicated, or delivered out of sequence.
If the underlying network is not capable of transmitting
packets as large as those that higher layers try to get IP817