222
WW ' are radial splits or cracks wide at circumference and diminishing towards the
centre of the tree. This defect may arise from severe frost and fierce heat of sun. Star shakes
appear as the wood dries below the fibre saturation point. It is a senous fault leading to
separated log when sawn.
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" is characterised by swelling caused by the growth of layers of sapwood over wounds
after the branch has been cut off in an irregular manner. The newly developed layers do not
unite properly with the old rot, thereby leaving cavities, from where decay starts.