- Vestibular and Auditory Systems 235
FIGURE 14-4 Summary of probable direct connections of vestibulo-ocular refl ex, based upon fi ndings from a number of species. Excitatory neurons are
indicated by open circles, inhibitory neurons by fi lled circles. III: oculomotor nuclear complex; IV: trochlear nucleus; VI: abducens nucleus; XII:
hypoglossal nucleus; AC: anterior semicircular canal; ATD: ascending tract of Deiters; BC: brachium conjunctivum; HC: "horizontal" or lateral
semicircular canal; IC: interstitial nucleus of Cajal; IO: inferior oblique muscle; IR: inferior rectus muscle; LR: lateral rectus muscle; LV: lateral
vestibular nucleus; MLF: medial longitudinal fasciculus; MR: medial rectus muscle; MV: medial vestibular nucleus; PC: posterior semicircular canal;
PH: prepositus nucleus; SV: superior vestibular nucleus; SO; superior oblique muscle; SR: superior rectus muscle; V: inferior vestibular nucleus; VTP:
ventral tegmental pathway. Used with permission from Leigh, R. J. & Zee, D. S. Th e Neurology of Eye Movements. Oxford; New York: Oxford University
Press, 2006.