Enzyme-modifi ed Dairy Ingredients 325increases bioavailability of calcium. CPP
also maintains a state of supersaturation with
respect to tooth enamel, depressing deminer-
alization and enhancing remineralization and
preventing tooth decay. CPP is thought to add
value to a number of different oral hygiene
products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and
chewing gum. CPP can be produced industri-
ally from sodium caseinate using enzymes.
CPP can dissolve in a wide range of pH
levels, is heat stable, and can be processed at
high temperatures. CPP applications include
health foods, dairy products, soy products
and carbonated beverages such as beer (CPP
makes foam smaller and longer lasting).
Some commercially available casein - derived
manufacturers and products are listed in
Table 12.1 and currently marketed products
are listed in Table 12.2.Whey - protein - derived Peptides
Whey represents a rich and heterogeneous
mixture of secreted proteins with wide rang-
ing nutritional, biological, and food func-
tional attributes. The main constituents are
β - lactoglobulin ( β - lg) and α - lactalbumin ( α -
la), two small globular proteins that account
for approximately 70% to 80% of total whey
protein. Historically, whey has either been
considered a waste product and disposed of
in the most cost - effective manner, or pro-
cessed into relatively low value commoditiesGlycomacropeptide (GMP) is a
carbohydrate - rich peptide present in liquid
whey. It is derived from the splitting of κ -
casein by chymosin, or rennet, during cheese
or casein production. The peptide residues
of this process are soluble and therefore
become part of the whey. There are two dif-
ferent variants of GMP, A and variant B,
which differ in two amino acids. Different
abbreviations are often used for GMP, such
as CGMP or CMP, but these all refer to the
same molecule.
GMP is rich in sialic acid. Studies indicate
that sialic acid contained in GMP promotes
the growth of bifi dobacteria and is involved
in the brain development of newborns. It is
also believed to play an anti - infective role in
the small intestine. The peptides in GMP
have a high content of branched chain amino
acids (BCAA) and contain no aromatic amino
acids, which makes them ideal ingredients in
nutritional formulations for people suffering
from hepatic diseases. GMP is also an ideal
nitrogen source for people suffering from
phenyl - ketonuria (PKU), due to the lack of
phenylalanine. A person suffering from PKU
is not able to metabolize phenylalanine,
which causes it to accumulate and damage
the central nervous system and possibly the
brain. Furthermore, studies over the past
thirty years have shown that GMP may infl u-
ence satiety in humans, inducing the secre-
tion of cholecystokinin (CKK), a group of
neuropeptides known to regulate short - term
control of food intake. However, this effect
seems to depend on the actual structure and
composition of GMP. GMP has also demon-
strated a protective effect on teeth by inhibit-
ing cariogenic bacteria.
Caseinphosphopeptides (CPP) are a type
of phosphorylated casein - derived peptides.
Interest in this ingredient is increasing due to
its purported ability to bind and solubilize
minerals such as calcium, zinc, iron, and
magnesium. CPP forms a stable complex
with calcium phosphate, which hinders
calcium phosphate precipitation and thus
Table 12.1. Hydrolyzed casein (milk protein
hydrolyzate) manufacturers.
Producer MPH product name
American Casein Co. HLA - 198
Arla Food Ingredients LACPRODAN and
PEPTIGEN
Armor Prot é nes Vitalarmor 950
Ingredia NA
Lactalis NA
Kerry Ingredients NA
Morinaqa NA
Fonterra NA
FrieslandCampina NA
Glanbia BarPro