Comparative and Veterinary Pharmacology

Table 3

Global examples of how “resistance” has been defined

Originator

Context

Resistance definition

Reference

National Antimicrobial Resistance

Monitoring System – EntericBacteria (NARMS)

Established in 1996 as collaboration between FDA Center

for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Department ofAgriculture and the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention. Monitors changes in antimicrobial drugsusceptibilities of selected enteric bacteria inhumans, animals, and retail meats to a panel ofantimicrobial drugs important in human and animalmedicine. The ultimate goal is to prolong thelifespan of approved drugs by promoting prudent andjudicious use of antimicrobial drugs and to identifyareas for more detailed investigation

Clinical Breakpoints

(Clinical LaboratoryStandards Institute)

http://www.fda.

gov

/cvm/

narms_pg.html

European Union

To determine trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic

agents and antimicrobial resistance in the E.U

Epidemiological

cut-off values

Bronzwaer

(^2008

)

The Danish Integrated Antimicrobial

Resistance Monitoring andResearch Programme (DANMAP)

DANMAP, established in 1995 by the Danish government

as a coordinated national surveillance and researchprogramme for antimicrobial consumption andantimicrobial resistance in bacteria from animals, foodsand humans. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistanceis based on: human and animal pathogens, zoonoticbacteria and indicator bacteria

Epidemiological

cut-off values

http://www.

danmap.org

Enter-Net

Enter-net is administered by the European Centre for

Disease (ECDC) Prevention and Control; it is aninternational surveillance network for humangastrointestinal infections in Europe, coveringinfections with Salmonella, verocytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli O157 (VTEC) and Campylobacter.ECDC aims to maintain and develop further surveillanceactivities and international development in this area

Dependent on country but

varies across Europe

http://ecdc.

europa.eu/en/Activities/

Surveillance/Enter-net/

238 M. Martinez and P. Silley