13 Conclusions
The main conclusion from this review is that differences between species are
numerous and often unpredictable in terms of both drug PK and drug PD. The ass
is not a rustic horse; the horse is not a large rat; the sheep is not a small cow; “dog”
does not exist as a single, simple entity and the concept of poultry or of non-
salmonide fishes as simple entities are not applicable in veterinary pharmacology.
No generalisations are possible. Rather, each drug must be investigated on a species-
by-species basis to guarantee the effective and safe use of drugs, thus ensuring the
wellbeing of animals and safeguarding also the environment and human consumption
of animal products.
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