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288 CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLOSIVES

Factor Φ %

FIG. 62. Influence of the factor Φ

(nitrating activity) on the rate of ni-

tration of p- nitrotoluene at 70°C

(Gorst and Trufanova [32a]).

FIG. 63. Influence of the intensity of

stirring on the rate of nitration of p-

nitrotoluene (Orlova ([2a]).

INDUSTRIAL METHODS OF PREPARATION OF DINITROTOLUENE

In industrial practice, mononitrotoluene is nitrated with a mixture of corn-

position ranging:

HNO 3 28-34% H 2 SO 4 60-64% H 2 O 5-8%

The manufacture of dinitrotoluene at the Griesheim factory (I. G. Farben-

industrie), described below, may serve as an example.

4000 kg of o- and p- nitrotoluene (the latter should be melted) is run into the

nitrator at a temperature of 25°C and 55°C respectively. Then 5500 kg of mixed

acid of composition :

HNO 3 33.5% H 2 SO 4 60.7% H 2 O 5.8%

arc run in, so that the temperature in the case of p- nitrotoluene follows the curve

(Fig. 64).

FIG 64. Temperature change during the nitration of p- nitrotoluene (BIOS 1144).