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1
Stoll, Andrew L., M.D., The Omega-3 Connection (Simon & Schuster, New York 2001).(^2) Schmidt, Michael A., Smart Fats (Frog, Ltd., Berkeley, CA 1997), at 45.
(^3) Hibbeln, J.R., “Seafood Consumption and Homicide Mortality. A Cross-National Ecological Analysis,” World Rev.
Nutr. Diet., 88:41-6 (2001).
(^4)
Stoll, A.L., “Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mood Disorders: A Review of Neurobiologic and Clinical Actions,” in
Mischoulon and Rosenbaum, Natural Medications for Psychiatric Disorders: Considering the Alternatives
(2002/2008), Second Edition Copyright 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Philadelphia), at 39-67.
(^5) Stoll A.L., Severus E., Freeman M.P., Rueter S., Zboyan H.A., Diamond E., Cress K.K., Marangell L.B. “Omega-3 fatty
acids in Bipolar Disorder: a Preliminary Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial,” Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56:380– 1
(1999).
(^6) Complementary and Integrative Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
copyright Elsevier, Inc., Philadelphia ( 2013 ) (“Brown et al. II”) at 19.
(^7) Hibbeln,, J.R., “Fish Consumption and Major Depression,” Lancet 351:1213 (1998)
(^8) Maes, M., Smith, R., Christophe, A., Cosyns, P., Desnyder, R. & Meltzer, H., “Fatty Acid Composition in Major
Depression: Decreased Omega-3 Fractions in Cholesterol Esters and Increased C20:4 Omega 6/C20:5 Omega- 3
Ratio in Cholestryl Esters and Phospholipids” Journal of Affective Disorders 38:35-46 (1996).
Peet, M., Murphy, B., Shay, J. &Horrobin, D., “Depletion of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Red Blood Cell
Membranes of Depressive Patients,” Biological Psychiatry 43(5):315-319 (1998).
Adams, P.B., Lawson, S., Sanigorski, A. & Sinclair, A.J., “Arachadonic Acid to Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ratio in Blood
Correlates Positively with Clinical Symptoms of Depression,” Lipids 31 suppl:S157-S161 (1996).
Edwards, R., Peet, M., Shay, J. & Horrobin, D., “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Diet and in the Red
Blood Cell Membranes of Depressed Patients.” Journal of Affective Disorders 48:149-155 (1998).
(^9) Parker G, Gibson NA, Brotchie H, Heruc G, Rees AM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D., “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Mood
Disorders,” American Journal of Psychiatry. 163(6):969-78 (2006).
(^10) How to Use Herbs, Nutrients & Yoga in Mental Health Care, by Richard P. Brown, M.D. (of Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons), Patricia L. Gerbarg, M.D. (of New York Medical College), and Philip R. Muskin,
M.D. (of Columbia as well) (W. W. Norton & Company, New York 2009), at 42.
(^11) For details and citations of the studies, see Mischoulon and Rosenbaum, op. cit., pp. 44 and 56-57.
(^12) Id. at 60.
(^13) Marangell, L.B., Martinez, J.M., Zboyan, H.A., Kertz, B., Kim, H.F., “A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of
the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Treatment of Major Depression,” American Journal of
Psychiatry 60:996-998 (2003).
(^14) Stoll, op. cit., at 53- 58. It should be noted that Carol A. Locke, M.D., Dr. Stoll’s wife, markets (or has marketed) an
omega-3 product with the brand name “Omega Brite,” which contains a 7:1 ratio of EPA to DHA. Dr. Stoll’s
activities are more academic and are fully disclosed in his studies.
(^15) Stoll, op cit., at 23.