PDR for Herbal Medicines

266 /ECHINACEA

Proksch A, (1982) Uber ein immunstimulierendes Wirkprinzip
aus Echinacea purpurea. Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat, Miinchen.
Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Steinmuller C et al. Application of
purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant
echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the
phagocyte system. Int J Immunopharmacol 1991; 13:931-941.
Samochowie CE et al., (1979) Wiad Parazyt. 25(1) 77.
Schoneberger D. Einflup* der immunstimulierenden Wirkung von
Prefisaft aus herba Echinaceae purpureae auf Verlauf und
Schweregrad von Erkaltungskrankheiten. Forum Immunologic
1992;8:18-22.
Schulte KE et al., (1967) Arzneim Forsch 17:825.
Schulte KE, Riicker G, Perlick J, Das Vorkommen von
Polyacetylen-Verbindungen in Echinacea purpurea MOENCH
und Echinacea angustifolia DC. In: Arzneim-Forsch 17:825-829.
1967.
Schumacher A, Echinacea angustifolia und die spezifische und
unspezifische zellulare Immunantwort der Maus. In: Dissertation
Heidelberg. 1989.
Stimpel M et al., (1984) Infect Immunol 46(3):845.
Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H et al., (1984) Macrophage
activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified
polysaccaride fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea.
Infect Immunity 46:845-849.
Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML,
Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity
by purified polysccharide fraction from plant Echinacea
purpurea. In: Infect Immun 46:845-849. 1984.
Tubaro A, Tragni E, Del Negro P et al: Anti-inflammatory
activity of a polysaccharide fraction of echinacea angustifolia. J
Pharm Pharmacol 1987; 39:576-569.
Vergin H, Wolter R, Untersuchungen zur Phagozytose-Aktivitat
der isoliert perfundierten Rattenleber mit Echinacea purpurea-
haltigen Praparaten. In: Natura med 1/2:27-29. 1988.
Vomel Th, (1985) Arzneim Forsch 3511(9): 1437.
Von Roder E et al., (1984) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 124(45):2316.
Wacker A, Hilbig W, (1978) Planta Med 33:89.
Wacker A, Hilbig W, Virushemmung mit Echinacea purpurea.
In: PM 33:89-102. 1978.
Wagner H et al., (1984) Arzneim Forsch 34:659.
Wagner H, Stuppner H, Puhlmann J, Briimmer B, Deppe K,
Zenk MH, Gewinnung von immunologisch aktiven
Polysacchariden aus Echinacea-Drogen und - Gewebekulturen.
In: ZPT 10(2):35. 1989.

Further information in:

Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.

Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag

Heidelberg 1996.

Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer

Verlag Heidelberg 1992.

Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,

Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.

Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.

mbH Stuttgart 1997.

Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und

pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New

York 1995.

Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.

Stuttgart 1997.

Echinaceae species

See Echinacea

Elecampane

Inula helenium

DESCRIPTION

Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried or fresh

rhizome.

Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are yellow composite

flowers in loose, terminal, panicled cymes. They are 7 to 8

cm in diameter. The involucre is imbricate and cup-shaped.

The inner bracts are dry at the tip and splayed, the outer ones

are like leaves and ovate. The female lateral florets are

narrowly linguiform. The androgynous disc florets are

tubular. The receptacle is flat, slightly pitted and glabrous.

The flowers are a bright yellow. The achaenes are cylindri-

cal, 4 to 5 mm long, brown, glabrous and have 4 tips. The

pappus is 8 to 10 mm long and consists of brownish, fine,

rough, brittle bristles.

Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 80 to 180

cm high. The rhizome is short with compact branches. It is

tuberous and has sturdy, 1 cm thick and 50 cm long roots.

The stem is erect, branched above and villous. The leaves are

large, tomentose beneath and irregularly dentate. The cauline

leaves are cordate-acute. The basal leaves are oblong and

petiolate.

Characteristics: The rhizome has a strong odor, the taste is

pungent, bitter and tangy.

Habitat: Indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, intro-

duced to the U.S. and China.