Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

USES

Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetic.
Used in certain antipyretic and urinary anti-
septic preparations, among others.

Dietary Supplements/Health Foods. Crude
herb in infusion, also tinctures and extracts as
immunostimulant and for fevers; use relative-
ly uncommon (FOSTER AND DUKE).

Traditional Medicine. Used in infusion as
tonic, febrifuge, diaphoretic, emetic, and
cathartic; also used to treat skin rashes
(KROCHMAL AND KROCHMAL). Used by North

American Indians to break fevers and induce

sweating; adopted by settlers to treat colds,

influenza, typhoid, malaria, intestinal worms,

and rheumatism.^15

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS

Crude; extracts not readily available. Crude

was formerly official in N.F. and U.S.P.

(1820–1900).

Regulatory Status. Classified by the U.S.

FDA as a herb of unknown safety (NEWALL).

REFERENCES

See the General References forBARNES;CLAUS;DE NAVARRE;DER MARDEROSIAN AND BEUTLER;FERNALD;
FOSTER AND DUKE;GOSSELIN;GRIEVE;KROCHMAL AND KROCHMAL;LIST AND HO€RHAMMER;LUST;MCGUFFIN
1&2;TYLER1;YOUNGKEN.

1. H. Wagner et al., Phytochemistry, 11 ,
   1504 (1972).


2. F. Bohlmann and M. Grenz,Chem. Ber.,
   110 , 1321 (1977).


3. W. Herz et al.,J. Org. Chem., 42 , 2264
   (1977).


4. F. Bohlmann et al.,Phytochemistry, 16 ,
   1973 (1977).


5. X. A. Dominguez et al.,Phytochemistry,
   13 , 673 (1974).


6. M. D. Midge and A. V. R. Rao,Indian J.
   Chem., 13 , 541 (1975).


7. K. H. Lee et al.,Phytochemistry, 16 , 1068
   (1977).


8. E. O. Arene et al.,Lloydia, 41 , 186 (1978).
   9. H. Wagner et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch., 35 ,
   1069 (1985).


9. A. Vollmar et al.,Phytochemistry, 25 , 377
   (1986).


10. S. Habtemariam and M. Macpherson,
    Phytother. Res., 14 , 575 (2000).


11. E. Rodriguez et al.,Phytochemistry, 15 ,
    1573 (1976).


12. P. S. Benoit et al.,Lloydia, 39 , 160 (1976).


13. H. Wagner et al.,Planta Med., 51 , 139
    (1985).


14. R. A Locock,Can. Pharm. J., 123 , 229
    (1990).


15. J. M. Sund et al.,Agron. J., 49 , 278 (1957).

BORAGE

Source: Borago officinalis L. (Family
Boraginaceae).

Common/vernacular names:Borage.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Coarse, hispid annual, 15–100 cm high;

leaves rough, wrinkled; flowers blue, star

shaped with protruding cone; indigenous to

dry, waste places of south Europe; grown as an

110 Borage