Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

REFERENCES

See the General References forARCTANDER;BAILEY2;BARNES;CLAUS;DER MARDEROSIAN AND BEUTLER;
FEMA;GRIEVE;GUENTHER;HUANG;JIANGSU;JIXIAN;LUST;MARTINDALE;MCGUFFIN1&2;NANJING;TERRELL.

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   383 (1968).


2. L. N. Chelovskaya and A. G. Nikolaev,
   Mezhdunar. Kongr. Efirnym Maslam
   (Mater.), 4th (Pub. 1972), 2 227, (1968).


3. H. Strzelecka and T. Soroczynska,Farm.
   Pol., 30 , 13 (1974).


4. J. Kuleska et al., Riechst., Aromen,
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5. D. L. J. Opdyke,Food Cosmet. Toxicol.,
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6. J. B. Harborne et al.,Phytochemistry, 8 ,
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7. G. V. Pigulevskii and V. I. Kovaleva,Rast.
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8. A. S. Cheema et al.,Riechst., Aromen,
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9. J. W. Hogg et al.,Cosmet. Perfum., 89 ,64
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10. B. M. Lawrence,Perfum. Flav., 15 ,4,63
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11. R. A. Momin and M. G. Nair,J. Agric.
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CASCARA SAGRADA

Source: Frangula purshiana(D C.) J. G.
Cooper (syn. Rhamnus purshiana D C.)
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Common/vernacular names:Cascara, cascara
sagrada, chittem bark, sacred bark.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Small- to medium-size, deciduous tree with
reddish brown bark and hairy twigs; up to
about 13 m high; native to the Pacific Coast
of North America (northern California,
Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Idaho,
and Montana). Part used is the bark, which is
removed from trees with trunk diameter of
about 10 cm or more; it is then allowed to dry

and age for 1 year before use, as the fresh

bark has an emetic principle that is destroyed

on prolonged storage or by heating. This emet-

ic principle is now generally considered to

be composed of monoanthrones and their

O-glycosides that are oxidized to nonemetic

anthraquinones or anthroneC-glycosides on

storage or heat treatment.^1

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Contains 6–10% (usually ca. 8%) anthragly-

cosides as its active principles that consist

primarily (60% or more) of C-glucosides

(cascarosides) A, B, C, D, E, and F and

barbaloin and chrysaloin), with minor con-

centrations ofO-glycosides (e.g., frangulin)

also present. Other constituents include free

anthraquinones (e.g., emodin, aloe-emodin,

Cascara sagrada 149