Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

REFERENCES

See the General Reference forARCTANDER;BAILEY1;BAUER;CSIR I;DER MARDEROSIAN AND BEUTLER;FEMA;
GUENTHER;GUPTA;KARRER;JIANGSU;MCGUFFIN1&2;TERRELL;USD 23 RD;WREN.

1. M. Hashmi et al.,J. Oil Technol. Assoc.
   India, 14 , 64 (1982).


2. B. Maurer and A. Grieder, Helv. Chim.
   Acta, 60 , 1155 (1977).


3. T. Y. Nee et al.,Phytochemistry, 25 , 2157
   (1986).


4. L. Peyron,Bull. Soc. Fr. Physiol. Veg., 7 ,
   46 (1961).
   5. K. C. Srivastava and S. C. Rastogi,Planta
   Med., 17 , 189 (1969).
   6. U. K. Chauhan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
   India, Sect. B, 54 , 236 (1984).
   7. D. L. J. Opdyke,Food Cosmet. Toxicol.,
   13 , 705, 707 (1975).

ANGELICA

Source: Angelica archangelica L. (syn.
Archangelica archangelicaHoffm.) (Fam-
ily Apiaceae or Umbelliferae).

Common/vernacular names:Angelica, arch-
angel, European angelica, and Garden
angelica.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Stout biennial orperennial herb,upto 2 m high
with a large rhizome; fruit with thick corky
wings; native to northern and eastern Europe
and Iceland, eastward to Siberia; cultivated in
Belgium, Hungary, Germany, and other coun-
tries; naturalized elsewhere. Parts used are the
rhizome and roots, fruits, and stem, with the
stem less extensively used; currently the roots
and rhizome are the most frequently used.
Other Angelica spp. are also used, but
infrequently.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Angelica is very rich in coumarins, which
occur throughout the plant.
The root (root and rhizome) contains
0.3–1% volatile oil composed mainly of
d-a-phellandrene, a-pinene, limonene, b-
caryophyllene, linalool, borneol, acetalde-

hyde, and four macrocyclic lactones (w-tride-

canolide, 12-methyl-w-tridecanolide,w-pen-

tadecanolide, andw-heptadecanolide), among

others (MASADA);1,2 coumarins, including

osthol, angelicin, osthenol, umbelliferone,

archangelicin, bergapten, ostruthol, impera-

torin, umbelliprenine, xanthotoxol, xantho-

toxin, oxypeucedanin, oreoselone, phellopter-

in, marmesin, byakangelicol, and 2^0 -angeloyl-

30 -isovaleryl vaginate, with osthol in major

concentration (ca. 0.2% of root),3–7acids

(angelic, aconitic, citric, malic, oxalic, malo-

nic, fumaric, succinic, caffeic, chlorogenic,

quinic, lauric, tridecanoic, myristic, pentade-

canoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic,

linoleic, linolenic, petroselinic, and behenic

acids, etc.).4,8,9 Other constituents include

resin, starch, sugars (sucrose, fructose, glu-

cose, umbelliferose), archangelenone (a fla-

vonone),b-sitosteryl palminate, and arachi-

nate (KARRER).4,9,10

The fruits (commonly known as seeds)

contain about 1% volatile oil, consisting main-

ly ofb-phellandrene and other terpenes simi-

lar to those found in the root oil (MASADA);^11

coumarins, including imperatorin, bergapten,

iso-imperatorin,iso-pimpinellin, 8-hydroxy-

5-methoxypsoralen, 4-methoxy-7-hydroxyp-

soralen, phellopterin, xanthotoxol, and

xanthotoxin, with imperatorin and bergapten

in larger concentrations (0.5% and 0.1%, re-

spectively) (KARRER).12,13 The seed oil of

a Pakistani variety,A. archangelicaL. var.

himalaica (Clarke) Krishna & Badhwar,

32 Angelica