11.4. Thought Experiment Proposed by Eshelby................................................ ......................................... 344
11.5. Crack Tip and Crack Front............................................... ................................................... ................ 347
11.6. Singular Element Examples.................................................. ................................................... .......... 348
11.7. Fracture Specimen and 2-D FE Model................................................ ................................................ 349
11.8. Using Symmetry to Your Advantage.............................................. .................................................... 349
11.9. 2-D Crack Geometry Schematic................................................. ................................................... ..... 357
11.10. 3-D Crack Geometry Schematic................................................. ................................................... ... 358
11.11. Typical Crack Face Path Definitions................................................. ................................................. 369
11.12. Domain Enhancement via Nodal Vectors.............................................. ............................................ 372
12.1. Crack Path Discretized with Interface Elements................................................ .................................. 382
12.2. Crack Growth and Merging................................................ ................................................... ............. 384
12.3. 2-D and 3-D Crack Extension................................................ ................................................... .......... 385
12.4. Crack Growth of a Double-Cantilever Beam................................................. ....................................... 393
12.5. Double-Cantilever Beam Mesh.................................................. ................................................... ..... 393
12.6. Double-Cantilever Beam Load-Deflection Curve............................................... ................................. 394
12.7. Double-Cantilever Beam Contour Plot................................................. .............................................. 394
13.1. Layered Model Showing Dropped Layer................................................ ............................................ 411
13.2. Sandwich Construction............................................... ................................................... ................... 412
13.3. Layered Shell With Nodes at Midplane................................................. .............................................. 412
13.4. Layered Shell With Nodes at Bottom Surface................................................ ...................................... 413
13.5. Example of an Element Display................................................ ................................................... ....... 415
13.6. Sample LAYPLOT Display for [45/-45/ - 45/45] Sequence................................................ .................... 415
14.1. Cylinder Wall with Stress Concentration Factors (SCFs).................................................. ..................... 426
14.2. Three Loadings in One Event............................................... ................................................... ........... 428
14.3. Surface Nodes are Identified by PPATH Prior to Executing FSSECT.................................................. ... 429
15.1. Plot of a Z Cross Section................................................ ................................................... ................. 435
15.2. Types of Solid Section Cell Mesh................................................. ................................................... .... 438
15.3. BeamTool with Subtypes Drop Down List Displayed............................................... ............................ 439
15.4. Lateral-Torsional Buckling of a Cantilever I-Beam................................................. .............................. 451
15.5. Diagram of a Beam With Deformation Indicated............................................... ................................. 452
16.1. Plot of a Shell Section................................................ ................................................... ..................... 462
16.2. Shell Tool With Layup Page Displayed............................................... ................................................. 464
16.3. Shell Tool With Section Controls Page Displayed............................................... ................................. 465
16.4. Shell Tool With Summary Page Displayed............................................... ............................................ 465
17.1. Discrete Reinforcing Modeling Option.................................................. ............................................. 470
17.2. Smeared Reinforcing Modeling Option.................................................. ............................................ 470
17.3. Discrete Reinforcing Element Display (with Translucent Base Elements).............................................. 472
17.4. Smeared Reinforcing Element Display (with Translucent Base Elements)............................................. 473
17.5. Fiber Orientation Display on Smeared Reinforcing Elements.................................................. ............ 474
18.1. Negative and Positive Volumes for Hydrostatic Fluid Elements................................. ........................... 477
18.2. Meshed Model................................................ ................................................... ............................... 479
18.3. Close-up View of Meshed Model................................................ ................................................... ..... 479
- Rotated Configuration Resulting from Sequentially Applied Rotations................................................ .... 487
- Rotated Configuration Resulting from Simultaneously Applied Rotations................................................ 488
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Structural Analysis Guide