Approaches • 103approaches, profoundly client centered (Moon, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2007). Moon con-
tributed a Commentary to the section on humanistic approaches in the second edition of
Approaches (Rubin, 2001). On the DVD he can be seen working alongside a supervisee (G).
Although both were psychologists and not art therapists, Clark Moustakas (1953, 1959),
who worked with children in play therapy, and Rollo May (1975), who saw adults, described
existential therapy in which creativity was synonymous with mental health. All humanis-
tic approaches emphasize man’s capacity to take charge of his life, to use free will and to
exercise intentionality. In contrast, psychoanalytic approaches stress unconscious dynamics
and the power of the repetition compulsion to affect even presumably “free” choices (Freud,
1900, 1916–1917, 1923).
“Intentionality” is highlighted in Pat Allen’s (Figure 5.5) chapter in the second edition of
Approaches (Rubin, 2001), in which she described its function in the open studio—an idea
that is further defined and delineated in her books (Allen, 1995, 2005). On the DVD you can
see a young person following her creative experience in an open studio with witness writing
in response to the image (DVD 7.2B).
Psycho-Educational Approaches to Art Therapy (DVD 5.3)
Behavioral
Experimental psychologists focus on what can be measured; that is, overt behavior. They
have greatly enhanced our comprehension of how learning takes place. We know, for
Figure 5.5 Pat Allen, the open studio approach.