Lubricant Additives

120 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications

British Patent 1,287,647, Stauffer Chemical Co. (phosphonates or halogenated alkylphosphates, sulphurised
oleic acid, and sebacic acid)
British Patent 1,133,692, Shell International (TCP and triphenylphosphorothionate)
British Patent 1,162,443, Mobil Oil Corp. (neutral or acid, alkyl or alkenyl phosphite, and a sulphurized poly-
isobutylene, triisobutylene, or a sulphurized dipentene)
U.S. Patent 2,494,332, Standard Oil Dev. Co. (thiophosphates and TCP)
U.S. Patent 2,498,628, Standard Oil Dev. Co. (sulfurized/phosphorized fatty material and TCP or tricresyl
phosphite)
U.S. Patent 3,583,915, Mobil Oil Corp. (di(organo)phosphonate, and an organic sulphur compound selected
from sulphurized oils and fats, a sulphurized monoolefi n or an alkyl polysulphide)

MISCELLANEOUS PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS

British Patent 1,035,984, Shell Research Ltd. (diaryl chloralkyl phosphate or thiophosphate)
British Patent 1,193,631, Albright & Wilson Ltd. (hydroxyalkyl disphosphonic acid/alkylene oxide reaction
products)
British Patent 1,252,790, Shell International Research (pyrophosphonic and pyrophosphinic acids and their
amine salts)
U.S. Patent 3,243,370, Monsanto Co. (phosphinylhydrocarbyloxy phosphorus esters)
U.S. Patent 3,318,811, Shell Oil Co. (diacid diphosphate ester)
U.S. Patent 3,640,857, Dow Chemical Co. (tetrahaloethyl phosphates)

APPENDIX B: ADDITIONAL LITERATURE AND PATENT REFERENCES

ON THE MECHANISM AND PERFORMANCE OF

PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING ADDITIVES

NEUTRAL PHOSPHATES

Garaud, Y., M.D. Tran. Photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of tricresyl phosphate anti-wear action.
Analusis 9(5): 231–235, 1981.
Ghose, H.M., J. Ferrante, F.C. Honecy. The effect of tricresyl phosphate as an additive on the wear of iron.
NASA Tech. Memo, NASA-TM-100103, E-2883, NASI. 15: 100103.
Han, D.H., M. Masuko. Comparison of antiwear additive response among several base oils of different polari-
ties. Tr ib ol Tra n s 42(4): 902–906, 1999.
Han, D.H., M. Masuko. Elucidation of the antiwear performance of several organic phosphates used with dif-
ferent polyol esters base oils from the aspect of interaction between the additive and the base oil. Tr ib ol
Tra n s 41(4): 600–604, 1998.
Kawamura, M., K. Fujito. Organic sulfur and phosphorus compounds as extreme pressure additives. Wear
72(1): 45–53, 1981.
Koch, B., E. Jantzen, V. Buck. Properties and mechanism of action of organism phosphoric esters as antiwear
additives in aviation. Proc 5th Int Tribol Coll Esslingen, Ger Vol. 1, 3/11/1–3/11/12, 1986.
Morimoto, T. Effect of phosphate on the wear of silicon nitride sliding against bearing steel. Wear 169(2):
127–134, 1993.
Perez, J.M. et al. Characterization of tricresyl phosphate lubricating fi lms. Tr ib ol Tra n s 33(1): 131–139,
1990.
Riga, A., J. Cahoon, W.R. Pistillo. Organophosphorus chemistry structure and performance relationships in
FZG gear tests. Tr ib ol L et t 9(3,4): 219–225, 2001.
Riga, A., W.R. Pistillo. Surface and solution properties of organophosphorus chemicals and performance
relationships in wear tests. Proc 27th NATAS Ann Conf Therm Anal Appl 708–713, 1999.
Ren, D., A.J. Gelman. Reaction mechanisms in organophosphate vapor-phase lubrication of metal surfaces.
Tribol Int 34(5): 353 –365, 2001.
Weber, K., E. Eberhardt, G. Keil. Infl uence of the chemical structure of phosphoric EP-additives on its effec-
tiveness. Schmierungstechnik 3(12): 372–377, 1972.
Wiegand, H., E. Broszeit. Mechanism of additive action. Model investigations with tricresyl phosphate. Wear
21(2): 289–302, 1972.