Detergents 139
Caterpillar 1K, 1M-PC, 1N, 1P, and IR engine tests. CRC L-38’s viscosity requirement, an impre-
cise measure of a detergent’s effectiveness, is a part of the API CG-4 standard. Caterpillar 1K test
is a part of the API CF-4, API CH-4, and API CI-4 standards. Caterpillar 1M-PC is a part of the
API CF, CF-2, and the U.S. Military’s MIL-PRF-2104G specifi cations. Caterpillar 1N is a part of
the API CG-4, API CI-4, and the U.S. Military’s MIL-PRF-2104G specifi cations. Caterpillar 1P
is a part of the API CH-4 specifi cation, and caterpillar 1R is a part of the API CI-4 specifi cation.
The pass ratings for these tests require meeting the overall appearance of the cylinder and its parts,
which are expressed in terms of weighted demerits, percent top groove fi ll, ring side clearance
loss, top land heavy carbon, oil consumption, and stuck rings. All these parameters are related to
deposits on the piston and its parts. The multicylinder tests that determine the effectiveness of a
detergent include Detroit Diesel 6V92TA engine test (a part of the API CF-2 and MIL-PRF-2104G
specifi cations) and Mack M11 engine test (a part of the API CH-4 and CI-4 specifi cations). These
two tests evaluate a detergent’s ability to prevent deposit-related port plugging and engine sludge,
respectively. For European use, oils must pass the requirements of tests such as VW1.6L TC diesel,
XUD11BTE, VWDI, MB OM 364 LA, and MB OM 441 LA. These tests evaluate ring sticking,
piston cleanliness, viscosity increase, and fi lter plugging. It is important to note that technically
most of these tests evaluate the combined effectiveness of the detergent and the dispersant. The per-
formance of the individual additive is hard to unravel. Detergents fi nd additional use in automatic
transmission fl uids and tractor hydraulic fl uids. In this case, the primary function of these additives
is not to neutralize acids or to minimize deposit formation, but to alter the frictional properties of
these fl uids. This is critical if the fl uids are to perform effectively as driveline lubricants.
REFERENCES
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Excellent Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Resource. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, pp. 117–137. - Rizvi, S.Q.A. Lubricant additives and their functions. In S.D. Henry, ed. Metals Handbook, 10th Ed.
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Patent 4,057,504, 11/8/77. - Stuart, F.A., W.A. Tyson Jr., Recovery of overbased alkaline earth metal additives from centrifugates.
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