Lubricant Additives

140 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications

19. Ali, W.R. Process for preparing overbased naphthenic micronutrient compositions. U.S. Patent 4,243,676,
    1/6/81.


20. Slama, F.J. Process for overbased petroleum oxidate. U.S. Patent 5,013,463, 5/7/91.


21. Van Kruchten, M.G.A., R.R. Van Well. Prepartion of basic salt. U.S. Patent 4,810,398, 3/7/89.


22. Weamer, G.L. Additives—A way to quality in motor oils. Petroleum Refi ner 38:215–219, 1959.


23. Popkin, A.H. Metal salts of organic acids of phosphorus. U.S. Patent 2,785,128, 3/12/57.


24. Cease, V.J., G.R. Kirk. Prepartion of overbased magnesium sulfonates. U.S. Patent 4,148,740, 4/10/79.


25. King, L.E. Basic alkali metal sulfonate dispersions, process for their preparation, and lubricants con-
    taining same. U.S. Patent 5,037,565, 8/6/91.


26. Koch, P., A. Di Serio. Compounds useful as detergent additives for lubricants and lubricating composi-
    tions. U.S. Patent 5,021,174, 6/4/91.


27. ASTM Standards D 482 and D 874, Section 5, Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels. 1999
    Annual Book of ASTM Standards. American Society of Testing and Materials.


28. ASTM Standard D 974, Section 5, Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels. 1993 Annual Book
    of ASTM Standards. American Society of Testing and Materials.


29. Price, C.C. The Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds by the Friedel–Crafts Method. Organic Reactions,
    Vol III. New York: Wiley, 1946, pp. 1–82.


30. Kovach, S.M. Alkylation of aromatics with olefi ns in the presence of an alumina catalyst. U.S. Patent
    4,219,690, 8/26/80.


31. Knifton, J.F., P.R. Anantaneni, M. Stockton. Process and system for alkylation of aromatic compounds.
    U.S. Patent 5,770,782, 6/23/98.


32. Olah, G.A. Friedel–Crafts and Related Reactions. Vol II. New York: Interscience-Wiley Publishers,
    1964.


33. Kirkland, E.V. Aromatic alkylation. U.S. Patent 2,754,341, 7/10/56.


34. Dwyer, F.G., Q.N. Lee. Aromatics alkylation process. U.S. Patent 5,191,135, 3/2/93.


35. Suter, C.M., A.W. Weston. Direct sulfonation of aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives.
    Organic Reactions, Chapter 4, Vol III. New York: Wiley, 1946, pp. 141–197.


36. Bosniack, D.S., P.F. Korbach. Conversion of sulfonic acids into a hydrocarbon oil of superior oxidation
    stability. U.S. Patent 4,188,500, 5/12/80. (See “Background of Invention” portion of the patent.)


37. Kreuz, K.L. Gasoline engine chemistry as applied to lubricant problems. Lubrication 55:53–64, 1969.


38. Kreuz, K.L. Diesel engine chemistry as applied to lubricant problems. Lubrication 56:77–88, 1970.


39. Kirk–Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. I. Alkylation of phenols. 1963, pp.
    894–895.


40. Kirk–Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. II. Ion exchange, New York: Interscience
    Publishers, 1967, pp. 871–899.


41. Merger, F., G. Nestler. Manufacture of alkylphenol compounds. U.S. Patent 4,202,199, 5/13/80.


42. Kolp, C.J. Methods for preparing alkylated hydroxyaromatics. U.S. Patent 5,663,457, 9/2/97.


43. March, J. Carboxylation with carbon dioxide, Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. In Advanced Organic Chemis-
    try, Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th Ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1992,
    Chapter 11, Section 1–20, pp. 546–547.


44. Van Kruchten, E.M.G.A., G.W.J. Heimerikx. Additives for lubricating oils and processes for producing
    them. U.S. Patent 5,089,158, 2/18/92.


45. Schallenberg, E.E., R.G. Lacoste. Ethylenediamine salts of thiophosphonic acids. U.S. Patent 3,185,728,
    5/25/65.


46. Brois, S.J. Olefi n-thionophosphine sulfi de reaction products, their derivatives, and use thereof as oil and
    fuel additives. U.S. Patent 4,042,523, 8/16/77.


47. Huang, N.Z. Overbased products using non-ionic substrates—Chemistry and properties. Symposium on
    Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Lubricant Additives, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, National
    Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New Orleans, LA, August 22–26, 1999.


48. Huang, N.Z. Non-conventional overbased materials. U.S. Patent 5,556,569, 9/17/96.


49. Asseff, P.A., T.W. Mastin, A. Rhodes. Metal complexes and methods of making same. U.S. Patent
    2,777,874, 1/15/57.


50. Hunt, M.W., S. Kennedy. Metal-containing lubricant compositions. U.S. Patent 4,767,551, 8/30/88.


51. Steckel, T.F. Process for overbasing via metal borate formation. U.S. Patent 6,090,757, 7/18/2000.


52. Cahoon, J.M., J.L. Karn, N.Z. Haung, J.P. Roski. Sulfurized overbased compositions. U.S. Patent
    5,484,542, 1/16/96.