Lubricant Additives

Antioxidants

Jun Dong and Cyril A. Migdal

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• 1.1 Introduction CONTENTS


• 1.2 Sulfur Compounds


• 1.3 Sulfur–Nitrogen Compounds


• 1.4 Phosphorus Compounds


• 1.5 Sulfur–Phosphorus Compounds


• 1.6 Amine and Phenol Derivatives ...............................................................................................
  
  
  • 1.6.1 Amine Derivatives
  
  
  • 1.6.2 Phenol Derivatives .......................................................................................................
  
  
  • 1.6.3 Amine and Phenol-Bearing Compounds
  
  
  • 1.6.4 Multifunctional Amine and Phenol Derivatives
  
  
  
  


• 1.7 Copper Antioxidants


• 1.8 Boron Antioxidants


• 1.9 Miscellaneous Organometallic Antioxidants


• 1.10 Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Oxidation and Antioxidant Action
  
  
  • 1.10.1 Autoxidation of Lubricating Oil
    
    
    • 1.10.1.1 Initiation
    
    
    • 1.10.1.2 Chain Propagation
    
    
    • 1.10.1.3 Chain Branching
    
    
    • 1.10.1.4 Chain Termination
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.10.2 Metal-Catalyzed Lubricant Degradation
    
    
    • 1.10.2.1 Metal Catalysis
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.10.3 High-Temperature Lubricant Degradation
  
  
  • 1.10.4 Effect of Base Stock Composition on Oxidative Stability
  
  
  • 1.10.5 Oxidation Inhibition
  
  
  • 1.10.6 Mechanisms of Primary Antioxidants
    
    
    • 1.10.6.1 Hindered Phenolics
    
    
    • 1.10.6.2 Aromatic Amines
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.10.7 Mechanisms of Secondary Antioxidants
    
    
    • 1.10.7.1 Organosulfur Compounds
    
    
    • 1.10.7.2 Organophosphorus Compounds
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.10.8 Antioxidant Synergism
  
  
  
  


• 1.11 Oxidation Bench Tests
  
  
  • 1.11.1 Thin-Film Oxidation Test
    
    
    • 1.11.1.1 Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry
      
      
      • (ASTM D 6335; D 7097) 1.11.1.2 Thermal-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 1.11.1.3 Thin-Film Oxidation Uptake Test (ASTM D 4742)