Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Calcium. Magnesium. Iron. Removal of protective coating by
chemical action. Chlorine and water. Oxides and Water. Sodium
oxide. Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide. Non-metal oxides.
Water contains two separately replacable portions of hydrogen.
Water as a solvent: concentration of solutions. Mole. Molal solu-
tion. Formula weight. Formal solution. Equivalent weight.
Normal solution 74
Experiment 6. Standardization of Solutions 76
Specific gravity 79
Formula weight method in chemical Arithmetic 79
Problems 80
General Questions II 81CHAPTER III. THE THEORY OF IONIZATION
Experiments 82
Osmotic pressure. Electrical onnductivity of solutions. Acids.
Strong and weak acids. Bases. Strong and weak bases. Neu-
tralization of a strong acid and a strong base. Neutralization of a
weak acid and a weak base. High ionization of all salt solutions.
Displacement of a weak acid. Displacement of a weak base.
Characteristic reactions of certain ions. Ionic displacements. Elec-
tromotive series. Hydrolysis. Solubility product. Hydrogen ion
concentration. Effect of its neutral salt on strength of a weak acid.
Notes and Problems 94
Measurement of Ionization. Molal lowering of the freezing point.
Osmotic pressure 94
Ionization Data 100
Ionic Reactions. Ionization a reversible reaction. Equilibrium.
Equations for ionic reactions. Rules for writing equations in ionic
form. Types of reactions 101
Metathesis. Precipitation. Neutralization. Neutralization of a
weak acid and a weak base. Displacement of a weak acid. Dis-
placement of a weak base. Precipitation of metal hydroxides.
Formation of volatile products 105
Hydrolysis 115
Ionization of Polybasic Acids 116
Complex Ions. Ammoniates. Complex negative ions 118
Reactions of Oxidation and Reduction. Electromotive series 121
Faraday's Law 123
Law of Molecular Concentration 126
Solubility and Solubility Product 131
HydrogevAon Concentration; the pH Scale. Control of pH. Buffers.. 132
Indicators 135