Total differential, rates of change and small changes 355
Problem 8. Pressurepand volumeVof a gas are
connected by the equationpV^1.^4 =k. Determine
the approximate percentage error inkwhen the
pressure is increased by 4% and the volume is
decreased by 1.5%.
Using equation (3), the approximate error ink,
δk≈
∂k
∂p
δp+
∂k
∂V
δV
Letp,Vandkrefer to the initial values.
Since k=pV^1.^4 then
∂k
∂p
=V^1.^4
and
∂k
∂V
= 1. 4 pV^0.^4
Since the pressure is increased by 4%, the change in
pressureδp=
4
100
×p= 0. 04 p.
Since the volume is decreased by 1.5%, the change in
volumeδV=
− 1. 5
100
×V=− 0. 015 V.
Hence the approximate error ink,
δk≈(V)^1.^4 ( 0. 04 p)+( 1. 4 pV^0.^4 )(− 0. 015 V)
≈pV^1.^4 [0. 04 − 1. 4 ( 0. 015 )]
≈pV^1.^4 [0.019]≈
1. 9
100
pV^1.^4 ≈
1. 9
100
k
i.e.the approximate error inkis a 1.9% increase.
Problem 9. Modulus of rigidityG=(R^4 θ)/L,
whereRis the radius,θthe angle of twist andLthe
length. Determine the approximate percentage error
inGwhenRis increased by 2%,θis reduced by
5% andLis increased by 4%.
Using δG≈
∂G
∂R
δR+
∂G
∂θ
δθ+
∂G
∂L
δL
Since G=
R^4 θ
L
,
∂G
∂R
=
4 R^3 θ
L
,
∂G
∂θ
=
R^4
L
and
∂G
∂L
=
−R^4 θ
L^2
SinceRis increased by 2%,δR=
2
100
R= 0. 02 R
Similarly,δθ=− 0. 05 θandδL= 0. 04 L
HenceδG≈
(
4 R^3 θ
L
)
( 0. 02 R)+
(
R^4
L
)
(− 0. 05 θ)
+
(
−
R^4 θ
L^2
)
( 0. 04 L)
≈
R^4 θ
L
[0. 08 − 0. 05 − 0 .04]≈− 0. 01
R^4 θ
L
,
i.e. δG≈−
1
100
G
Hence the approximate percentage error inGis a
1% decrease.
Problem 10. The second moment of area of a
rectangle is given byI=(bl^3 )/3. Ifbandlare
measured as 40mm and 90mm respectively and the
measurement errors are−5mm inband+8mmin
l, find the approximate error in the calculated value
ofI.
Using equation (3), the approximate error inI,
δI≈
∂I
∂b
δb+
∂I
∂l
δl
∂I
∂b
=
l^3
3
and
∂I
∂l
=
3 bl^2
3
=bl^2
δb=−5mmandδl=+8mm
HenceδI≈
(
l^3
3
)
(− 5 )+(bl^2 )(+ 8 )
Sinceb=40mm andl=90mm then
δI≈
(
903
3
)
(− 5 )+ 40 ( 90 )^2 ( 8 )
≈− 1215000 + 2592000
≈1377000mm^4 ≈ 137 .7cm^4
Hence the approximate error in the calculated value
ofIis a 137.7cm^4 increase.
Problem 11. The time of oscillationtof a
pendulum is given byt= 2 π
√
l
g
. Determine the
approximate percentage error intwhenlhas an
errorof0.2%toolargeandg0.1% too small.