The English Language english language

Delahunty and Garvey

If the basic sentence has no auxiliary verb, then we put a form of do into
the first auxiliary slot (Do Insertion or Do Support), transfer the tense
from the main verb, and apply SAI to it:

(23) a. He works out really hard.

b. He does work out really hard.

c. Does he work out really hard?

d. *Works he out really hard? (cf. German, earlier forms of English,

Spanish)

Exercise
What is the DS of (23a, b, c)? Hint: all three have the same DS.

Wh-movement
Relative clauses frequently begin with a wh-phrase. Relative wh-phrases may
be NPs (which), PPs (to whom), and APs (how tall). Wh-phrases get moved
to COMP from a deep structure position within a clause, as in the relative
clause (italicized) below:

(24) The person to whom you spoke is no longer here.

The deep structure of this relative clause is:

(25) a. S

NP VP

Pron V PP

you spoke P NP

to Pron

whom

The wh-phrase is moved into a COMP by a transformation called wh-
movement: