Modifications of Basic Clause Patternssurface structure: level of syntactic/structural representation posited by
transformational grammar and derived from deep structure by applying
transformational rules.
topicalization: one of many marked English sentence constructions that
allow the redistribution of information in clauses; places to the left of the
subject a phrase that would normally occur elsewhere in a sentence.
transformation/transformational rule: device posited by transforma-
tional grammar that transforms deep structures into surface structures by
moving, deleting, or inserting expressions.
truncation: the deletion of the agentive/by-phrase of a passive sentence.
wh-movement: transformation that moves a wh-phrase into COMP.
wh-question: interrogative sentence form in which wh-movement has ap-
plied.