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Appendix 1: Robert Watson’s (1967) Contrasting
Prescriptions of Psychology
Prescriptions Definitions
Conscious mentalism–Unconscious mentalism The study of mind should focus on conscious
mental processes or structures versus a focus on
unconscious mental processes or structures.
Contentual objectivism–Contentual The proper focus of psychology is behavior
subjectivism versus mental processes or structures.
Determinism–Indeterminism Human behavior or events can be explained
entirely in terms of what led to them versus
they can only partly be explained by what led
up to them.
Empiricism–Rationalism Human knowledge is acquired by experience
versus human knowledge is acquired by
reasoning guided by innate mental abilities.