230 Between Private and Public
5.or a general statement, see M. Gottdiener, F The Social Production of Urban
Space (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994); for the case of Iran, see
Kaveh Ehsani, “Municipal Matters: The Urbanization of Consciousness and
Political Change in Tehran,” Middle East Report 209 (Fall 1999): 22–27.
6.e political role of the bazaar and Th bazaaris’ participation in social move-
ments is well entrenched in the historiographic literature. For instance,
see Ervand Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1982); and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution:
An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1981).
7.e conceptualization of bazaars as networks and their application to Th
the study of Tehran is developed and elaborated in Arang Keshavarzian,
Bazaar and State in Iran: the Politics of the Tehran Marketplace (Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
8.annah Arendt, H The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1958); and Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of
the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans.
Thomas Burger (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989 [1962]).
9.ig Calhoun, ed., Cra Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press, 1992); Armando Salvatore and Mark LeVine, eds., Religion, Social
Practice, and Contested Hegemonies: Reconstructing the Public in Muslim
Majority Societies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
- Arendt, Human Condition, 181–188.
11.ürgen Habermas, J Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse
Theory of Law and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 360.
Emphasis added.
12.abermas describes the realm of commodity exchange and social labor as H
part of the “civil society” that, along with the family, makes up the private
sphere. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere.
13.etrag Manoukian, “Power, Religion, and the Effects of Publicness in 20 S th-
century Shiraz,” in Religion, Social Practice, and Contested Hegemonies:
Reconstructing the Public in Muslim Majority Societies, edited by Armando
Salvatore and Mark LeVine (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). - Manoukian, “Power, Religion, and the Effects of Publicness,” 59.
15.azih N. Ayubi, N Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the
Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), 439.