Amir-Ebrahimi 35313.nnabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi and Ali Mohammadi, A Small Media,
Big Revolution: Communication, Culture and the Iranian Revolution
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).
14.mir-Ebrahimi “Conquering Enclosed Public Spaces,” A Cities: the
International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning 23, no. 6 (2006):
455–461.
15.hahidi Hossein, “From Mission to Profession: Journalism in Iran, 1979– S
2004,” Iranian Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 3–4.
- Ibid.
17.Etemād-e Mellῑ ‘ and then Etemaad, like many other critical newspapers,
were shut down one after the other following the contested reelection of
Mahmood Ahmadinejad.
18.ohsen Rezai, Ayatollah Mehdi Karubi and Mir Hossein Mousavi were M
rivals of Ahmadinejad in the 2009 presidential election.
19.li Kordan, Ahmadinejad’s Interior Minister, pretended to have an honor- A
ary doctorate from the University of Oxford. Further investigations have
shown that he did not even have a bachelor’s degree. Ahmadinejad resisted
discharging him until, finally, Kordan was impeached by Parliament in
November 2008. See also Ramin Mostaghim and Borzou Daraghi, “Iran
Interior Minister Ousted,” Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, http://www.
latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran5-2008nov05,0,1268397.
story.
20.ee Mark Poster, “CyberDemocracy: Internet and the Public Sphere,” S
unpublished, 1995, http://www.humanities.uci.edu/mposter/writings/democ.html.
21.öle, “Islam in Public,” 176. G - Poster, “CyberDemocracy.”
23.ee Howard Rheingold, S The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the
Electronic Frontier (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), http://www.rheingold.
com/vc/book/intro.html.
24.In the post-election events of 2009, virtual communities, such as Facebook,
Twitter, YouTube, weblogs, and email list servers, have played a very
important role in informing, gathering and organizing protesters inside
and outside Iran. Additionally, in the absence of independent or foreign
journalists, young protesters posted hundreds of thousands of films and
information sources on the Internet, creating what is known today as the
Citizen-journalist.