Davis 421
Press, 1992), 109–142; and Michael Schudson, “Was There Ever a Public
Sphere,” in the same volume, 143–163.
- or an elaboration of these preconditions, see my F Memories of State:
Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq (Berkeley and
London: University of California Press, 2005), 29–108; for the development
of similar preconditions in Egypt, see my Challenging Colonialism: Bank
Misr and Egyptian Industrialization, 1920–1941 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1983), especially 12–79.
- the notion of democracy as the process of selecting between circulating On
elites, see Peter Bachrach, The Theory of Democratic Elitism (Boston, MA:
Little, Brown, 1967).
- Davis, Memories of State, 46, 52.
- or a discussion of the failures of Bush administration policies in Iraq, see F
my “Rebuilding a Non-Sectarian Iraq,” Strategic Insights 6, no. 6 (December
2007), http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2007/Dec/davisDec07.pdf.
- Davis, Memories of State, 40–44, 47.
- or a listing of many of these newspapers, see Zahida Ibrahim F , Kashf al-
Jara’id wa-l-Majallat al-‘Iraqiyya [Index of Iraqi Newspapers and Journals]
(Baghdad: Ministry of Information, Dar al-Hurriyya li-l-Tiba‘a, 1976).
- or a discussion of the literary salons in Baghdad, see Husayn Hatim al- F
Karkhi, Majalis al-Adab fi Baghdad [Baghdad’s Literary Salons] (Beirut: al-
Mu’assasa al-‘Arabiyya li-l-Dirasat wa-l-Nashr, 2003).
- the Iraqi coffeehouse, see ‘Abbas Baghdadi, On li-alla Nansa: Baghdad fi
al-‘Ishriniyyat [So That We Do Not Forget: Baghdad in the 1920s] (Beirut:
al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arabiyya li-l-Dirasat wa-l-Nashr, 1998), 119–130; see
also Buland al-Haydari, “Baghdad Bayn Maqahi al-Ubada’ wa-Udaba’ al-
Maqahi” [Baghdad Between the Coffeehouses of the Men of Letters and the
Men of Letters of the Coffeehouses], al-Majalla 493 (24 July 1989): 50–53. I
am grateful to the late Mai Ghassoub, former director of al-Saqi Books, for
giving me this reference.
- ic Davis, “The New Iraq: The Uses of Memory,” Er Journal of Democracy 16
no. 3 (July 2005): 55–57.
- Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), 19–20.
- avis, D Memories of State, 47–49. This Muslim conception of the Christian
and Jewish communities as integral parts of Iraqi society contrasts with
the appellation given to Christians and Jews in Egypt who had often
